Ferns Biology 11

KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Phylum Tracheophyta Non-Vascular Plants Terrestrial: Bryophytes Aquatic: Algae Seeds No Seeds Phyla: Bryophyta Hepatophyta Antherocerophyta Phyla: Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Ferns Sub Phylum: Lycophyta (club & spike moss) Sphenophyta (equisitem) Pterophyta (ferns)

Sub Phylum Pterophyta (Ferns)

Ferns Still tied to the water Reproduction (for sperm to swim) New Advances? Sporophyte the dominant stage Both the gametophyte and sporophyte are photosynthetic and can live independently. Vascular system (xylem and phloem): can grow bigger Roots, stems, and leaves

Basic Structure of a Fern Leafy part of fern is called frond Sorus: clusters of sporangia

Rhizome: modified stem Roots: develop from the rhizome

Adaptations for Survival Without Water Vascular Tissue Tubes that carry water and nutrients around plant 2 types Xylem: transport water from roots to rest of the plant Phloem: transports sugar from fronds to rest of plant

2. Tracheid Cells Cells that make up xylem tissue (to be discussed in more detail later) Provides structural support so leaves can be held up to sun for photosynthesis

Adaptations for Survival Without Water 3. Leaves with Waxy cuticle Waterproof coating to help prevent water loss (evaporation from leaves) 4. True roots grow from rhizome Take in water

Reproduction Alternation of generations Dominant generation: sporophyte Water still required for sexual reproduction

Haploid spore production takes place on the underside of the front Spores are produced in sporangium Clusters of sporangium make up sori (seen as spots on the bottom of a frond)

Spores released from sorus carried by wind or water Germinate into haploid gametophytes Green, heart shaped tiny structure called prothallium

Antheridia and archegonia found on underside of prothallium and produce sperm and egg Sperm swim to egg in archegonia for fertilization to occur Zygote develops into sporophyte