 HS-LS1-1. Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

 BS Analyze the relationship and implications of bioethics, laws and public perceptions on applications of biotechnology in agriculture (e.g., ethical, legal, social, cultural issues). BS a. Research and summarize the emergence, evolution and implications of bioethics associated with biotechnology in agriculture.

 1: Briefly describe biotechnology and its use throughout history.  2: Describe the capabilities of biotechnology today.  3: Distinguish between the two main areas of biotechnology.

 Biotechnology  Chromosome  Decipher  DNA  Enzyme  Gene  Hereditary  Molecule  Plasmid  Recombinant  Virus

 Applying technology to living organisms to improve existing products or make new ones.

 Gregor Mendel recognizes that hereditary information is stored in discrete units called genes.

 Scientists discover chromosomes within cells.

 The structure of DNA is described by James Watson and Francis Crick.

 Plasmids are discovered in bacteria.

 Scientists decipher the genetic code along the DNA molecule.

 The ligase enzyme is discovered (gluing enzyme).

 Restriction enzymes are discovered (cutting enzymes).

 First recombinant DNA molecule is formed from two viruses by Paul Berg.

 First DNA fragments are inserted into plasmid DNA and then reinserted into E. coli bacterium.

 First practical system for doing recombinant work is developed.

 Recombinant insulin is produced in bacterial cells.

 U.S. Supreme Court rules that “manufactured organisms” are patentable.

 Tobacco becomes the first genetically engineered plant.

 First environmental release of ice minus (genetically engineered organisms that lower frost temperature 2–3 degrees) occurs.

 Flavr-Savr Tomato is introduced as the first genetically engineered plant food product.

 First agricultural animal is cloned, a sheep named Dolly.

 Mechanization  Cost-effective crop protection and fertilization  Improved plant and animal breeding  Efficient transportation system

 Lack of purchasing power of poor countries.  Predicted world population growth -additional 2.5 billion people by total 8 billion, 9 billion by  Economic development raises demand for high quality foods.

 Yeast used for bread and bacteria used in fermentation and cheese production were some of the first applications of biotechnology.  Improvement by selection was an early method to choose and keep the best plants and animals for further use.  Hybridization of crops involves the controlled pollination of plants.  Breeding livestock to obtain desired characteristics in the offspring is known as selective breeding.

 Organismic biotechnology involves practices that promote healthier and more productive organisms.  The area of biotechnology that involves changing an organism at the cellular level is referred to as molecular biotechnology.