 Environmental Factor – natural disasters, famine; lots of resources  Political Factor – civil war; freedom  Cultural Factor – expansion and settlement across cultural boundaries; cultural tolerance  Economic Factor – no jobs; job opportunities

 Voluntary – people decide to move  Involuntary – people are forced to move  Hurricane Katrina refugees  Individuals & family v. Mass Migration  What would cause individuals to move?  What would cause mass migration?

 All of India and Pakistan was a British colony. After WW2, Britain was struggling financially and couldn’t afford to keep the colony. So, it was split up between the 2 main religious groups: Hindus and Muslims.

 India and Pakistan won independence in August 1947, following a long struggle. It was the largest mass migration in history of some 10 million. Nearly one million civilians died in riots and local fighting.

 Pakistan is mostly Muslim.  India is mostly Hindu.

 Thousands of Africans try to make the journey to Europe each year as illegal migrants - risking people smugglers, deserts, sea crossings and the possibility of being sent home, all for the dream of a better life.

 Economic Attraction  The dangers of migrating: crossing the Sahara, crossing the sea, guerillas

 Why do people want to leave? EurozoneNorth Africa Life Expectancy: 80 yearsLife Expectancy: 47 years Pop. Growth: 0.6%Pop. Growth: 2.3% School Enrollment: 98.9%School Enrollment: 65.7% HIV prevalence(15-49): 0.3%HIV prevalence(15-49): 5.8% Internet users(per 1k): 439.4Internet users(per 1k): 29 Time to start a business: 26.9 daysTime to start a business: 61.5 days

 After WW2 Germany needed to rebuild their economy. They encouraged Turkish immigration.  Germany didn’t intend for the Turks to stay so they didn’t grant them citizenship.  Many Turkish citizens living in Germany don’t have citizenship despite being born in Germany.

 Darfur has been experiencing a civil war between the government military and various rebel militia groups.  Sudanese citizens have been forced out of Darfur into Chad.

 Pull Factors (to Chad):  Safety  Peace  Easiest to get to  Jobs

 Consequences of migrating to Chad:  Overpopulation  Lack of resources in Chad for refugees  High fertility rates  Poor living conditions  Tension between Chad and Sudan  Increased mortality rates  Rebellion in Chad against refugees

 What is a ‘migrant’?  Migration affects the destination country in many ways:  Chinese immigrants & the transcontinental railroad  North African workers move to Europe for jobs  They do jobs citizens won’t What kind of economic impact did these events have on the destination countries?

 Historically, most immigrants have come from Europe & settled in the NE.

 Migration affects the destination country in many ways, cultural impact includes:  Clothing  Fashions  Music  Dietary choices  Types of businesses  Social clubs  Cross- cultural marriages

 Migrants have a tendency to stick together when they move to new places.  They form ethnic neighborhoods.  Little Italy in New York City  Little Havana in Miami, Florida  Muslim population in Deerborne, Michigan

 Migrants get help assimilating, or adapting through :  Social clubs  Close-knit family units  Professional skills  Value of education What do we expect immigrants to do when they come to the U.S.???

 Migrants face difficulties assimilating due to :  Rural (country) to urban (city) adjustments  Climate adjustments  Cultural settings  Language  Customs  Religious majority  Methods of transportation  Food choices

 Migration affects the destination country on the local and state level:  Local Level:  Traffic (suburbs to city, city to suburbs)  Tax revenues loss & gains  Property taxes for schools  City services (fire, police, sanitation)

 Migration affects the destination country on the local and state level:  National Level:  AZ, CA, NM, TX might differ from US policy  French policy that immigrants must speak French  Limits to Muslim immigrants in Europe

 A major part of immigrating is the process of becoming a citizen.  What are the steps to becoming a U.S. citizen?  Could you pass a citizenship test?