Poker as a Testbed for Machine Intelligence Research By Darse Billings, Dennis Papp, Jonathan Schaeffer, Duane Szafron Presented By:- Debraj Manna Gada Kekin Dhiraj Raunak Pillani

CONTENT Introduction  Characteristics of Poker Game  Texas Hold’Em  Requirements From Players  Lokibot  Experiment  Future Work

INTRODUCTION Game Researchers used Chess & other board games as TestBed Poker can be a better testbed for decision making problems

POKER Game of Imperfect knowledge  Risk management  Agent modelling  Unreliable information  Deception Heuristic Search and evaluation methods employed in Chess not helpful.

AI PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS

TEXAS HOLD 'EM Pre-Flop – Each player is dealt with two cards with their face down Community Cards are dealt in 3 stages:-  Flop – 3 cards are dealt with face up  Turn – 4 th community card is dealt with face up.  River – last community card is dealt A round of betting held at each stage Showdown – player having the best 5 cards wins the game

BETTING STRATEGY FOLD – Withdraw from the game CALL – Match the current bet RAISE – Raise the current outstanding bet Only 3 raises are allowed in a round.

REQUIREMENT Hand Strength – strength of your hand compared to opponents. Hand Potential – Probability of hand improving as additional cards appear. Betting Strategy – Determining optimal betting strategy Bluffing – Allows you make profit even on weak hands

REQUIREMENT (contd.)‏ Opponent Modeling – Determining probability distribution for opponents strategy. Unpredictability – making difficult for opponent to model your strategy.

Lokibot (later changed to Pokibot)‏

Pre-flop Evaluation 52 choose 2 = 1326 possible combinations for two cards Approximate income rate for each starting hand using a simulation of 1,000,000 poker games done against nine random opponents  Highest income rate: A pair of aces  Lowest income rate: 2 and 7 (of different suits)‏ One time evaluation

Hand Evaluation 1.Hand Strength Assessment of the current strength of the hand Enumeration techniques can provide an accurate estimate of the probability of currently holding the strongest hand. 2.Hand Potential Potential changes in hand strength

Hand Strength Starting hand is and the flop is 47 remaining unknown cards and {47 choose 2} = 1,081 possible hands an opponent might hold. Hand strength is estimated by simply counting number of possible hands that are:  better than ours (any pair, two pair, A-K, or three of a kind: 444 hands)  equal to ours (9 possible remaining A-Q combinations)  worse than ours (628)‏

Hand Potential Hand strength alone is insufficient to assess the quality of a hand Example  Hand:  Flop:  Next card:, Positive / Negative Potential

Hand Potential (contd.)‏

If T{row,col} refers to the values in the table (B, T, A, and S are Behind, Tied, Ahead, and Sum, resp.) then Ppot and Npot are calculated by: Ppot = (T{B,A} + T{B,T}/2 + T{T,A}/2 ) / ( T{B,S} + T{T,S}/2)‏ Npot = (T{A,B} + T{A,T}/2 + T{T,B}/2 ) / ( T{A,S} + T{T,S}/2)‏ Ppot = and Npot = 0.274

Betting Strategy Hand strength and potential are combined into effective hand strength (EHS): EHS = HSn + (1 - HSn ) x Ppot where HSn is the adjusted hand strength for n opponents, Ppot is the positive potential. EHS is the probability that we are ahead, and in those cases where we are behind there is a Ppot chance that we will pull ahead pot_odds = bets_to_us / ( bets_in_pot + bets_to_us )‏ Call when Ppot > pot_odds

Player A is the most advanced version of the program Player E is a basic player Player B lacks an appropriate weighting of subcases, using a uniform distribution for all possible opponent hands. Player C uses a simplistic pre-flop hand selection method, rather than the advanced system which accounts for player position and number of opponents. Player D lacks the computation of hand potential, which is used in modifying the effective hand strength and calling with proper pot odds. Experiment

Experiment (contd.)‏

The Bot was also run against other Poker playing bots and human players over the internet. In it's current state the bot showed losses against advanced players

Work In Progress It is a predictable player that reacts the same in a given situation irrespective of any historical information Opponent modeling: When Lokibot is better able to infer likely holdings for the opponent, it will be capable of much better decisions Betting strategy: bluff with high potential hands and occasionally bet a strong hand weakly

Work Done After The Paper Later versions used simulation to discover the correct action to take, simulating what the actions of the other players (estimated using the opponent modelling) would be depending on the action that Lokibot chose. They included selective sampling simulation: Opponent modelling consisted of weights for each hole card combination describing the probabilities of each action (bet, call, fold) and they measured opponents by their rate of each action. The most recent work has concerned other approaches to poker game-tree search methods, as well as ways to evaluate perfomance of agents

Contributions Of This Paper Showing that poker can be a testbed of real- world decision making, Identifying the major requirements of high- performance poker, Presenting new enumeration techniques for hand-strength and potential, and Demonstrating a working program that successfully plays "real" poker.

REFERENCE Billings D., Papp D., Schaeffer J. and Szafron D. "Poker as a Testbed for Machine Intelligence Research." In Advances in Artificial Intelligence (Mercer R. and Neufeld E. eds.), Springer-Verlag, pp 1-15,