Monarchs (head of society) strengthened their power by reorganizing the government Strengthened ties with middle class Middle class in return would support these rulers in return for peace

Sent out traveling justices to enforce laws Established a common law, or legal system that applied to all of England Juries were established that consisted of a group of men sworn to speak the truth.

This limited powers of Monarch Noblemen did not like power Kings had This (magna carta) gave nobles and citizens more rights. 1- due process of law Freemen could not be arrested or imprisoned for no reason unless his peers deemed so

2- Habeas corpus no person can be held in prison without being charged with a specific crime Parliament was formed England’s law making body (legislature)

Wars between Christians and Muslims for control over the lands in the Middle East. Fighters were called “Christian Knights” Wanted to win the “Holy Land” or Jerusalem to take over the Jewish population Crusades were not successful…total of 4…Muslims fought back

Left a bitter legacy of religious hatred between Muslims and Christians. 3 Consequences from Crusades: Church leaders gained new powers – Able to collect taxes to fund crusades European economies expand – Crusades encouraged trade Wider worldview – Realization that millions of people lived in other regions of the world= exploration

Magna Carta- limited Monarch’s power…shared it with Noblemen. Due process, Habeas Corpus, Parliament Crusades- Religious wars over Holy land between Muslims and Christians

Pope Urban II led Crusades Promised Christians a “ticket” to heaven if they fought and killed Muslims

Ferdinand and Isabella (of Spain) drive out Muslims in Spain and reclaim it as Christian Isabella set out the Inquisition Church court that hunted Jews and Muslims Accused them of being non Christians They were burned at the stake.