Introduction to Pathology Fall 2009 FINAL

Terms 1. _____________ is the study of disease. 2. _________ is any abnormal disturbance of function or structure as a result of injury 3. __________occurs after disease. This is the sequence of events producing cellular changes which produce manifestations. 4. _______________ are observable changes

Types of Manifestations 1. _________________________________: –Complaints offered by the patients. Headaches, nausea, aches and pains Headaches, nausea, aches and pains 2. ________________________________: – Abnormal changes as observed by a physician Can be acquired by touch, smell, tests or visual inspection Can be acquired by touch, smell, tests or visual inspection Includes fever, swelling, discoloration and rash. Includes fever, swelling, discoloration and rash.

Etiology Is the study of the cause of a disease. Common agents: Common agents: –Viruses – Bacteria –Trauma – Heat, –Poor infection control

Poor Infection Control __________ Infections- are those that occur in a hospital or hospital like setting __________ Infections- are those that occur in a hospital or hospital like setting –Are a result of 3 factors: High prevalence of pathogens High prevalence of pathogens High prevalence of compromised hosts High prevalence of compromised hosts Efficient mechanisms of transmission from patient to patient Efficient mechanisms of transmission from patient to patient

Iatrogenic Disease Adverse responses induced in a patient by a physicians manner, activity or therapy. Ex: A collapsed lobe of the lung that Ex: A collapsed lobe of the lung that occurred due a complication during an arterial line placement.

Acute vs. Chronic 1. _____________ disease –Quick onset –Lasts a short period of time Ex. Pneumonia Ex. Pneumonia 1. _____________ –Presents more slowly –Lasts a long time Ex. Multiple Sclerosis Ex. Multiple Sclerosis

Identification and Outcome 1. Diagnosis 2. Prognosis

Technique Considerations 1. Decrease technique –In diseases that are destructive –Decreasing tissue density –Subtractive or lytic changes 1. Increase technique –In diseases that increase tissue density –Additive or sclerotic changes

Epidemiology Is the investigation of diseases in large groups. 1. ___________ is the number of cases in a given population 2. ___________ is the number of new cases in a given time period 3. ___________ are diseases in high prevalence in a certain area 4. ___________ - substantially exceeds what is "expected," based on recent experience

Disease Classifications 1. Congenital and Hereditary 2. Inflammatory 3. Degenerative 4. Metabolic 5. Traumatic 6. Neoplastic

Congenital and Hereditary 1. _______________ are present at birth and result from genetic or environmental factors –2-3% of all live births have one or more congenital disease 2. _______________ are developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent

Inflammatory Disease Results from the body’s reaction to a localized injurious agent. Types of inflammatory disease: Types of inflammatory disease: –Toxic –Infective –Allergic –Autoimmune

Acute Local Inflammatory Disease Characteristics: Characteristics: –Heat –Redness –Swelling –Pain –Loss of function Capillary dilatation Capillary dilatation Cellular necrosis Cellular necrosis

Chronic Inflammatory Disease May not result in cell death May not result in cell death More commonly it does not result in cell death More commonly it does not result in cell death Lasts for extensive periods of time Lasts for extensive periods of time

Repair from Inflammatory Disease The repair of tissues is the body’s attempt to return the body to normal. Tissue regeneration Tissue regeneration Fibrous connective tissue repair Fibrous connective tissue repair Debridement Debridement Remodeling Remodeling

Infection Is an inflammatory process caused by a disease causing organism. It invades, multiplies and causes injury. It invades, multiplies and causes injury. Generally localized infections causes inflammation Generally localized infections causes inflammation Virulence Virulence –High virulence –Low virulence

Degenerative Disease Are caused by a deterioration of the body usually associated with aging. Are caused by a deterioration of the body usually associated with aging. Although some degenerative diseases affect younger patients Although some degenerative diseases affect younger patients

Metabolic Disease Diseases caused by a disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body. Metabolism is the sum of all physical and chemical processes of the body. Metabolism is the sum of all physical and chemical processes of the body. Includes endocrine disorders and imbalance of fluid and electrolytes. Includes endocrine disorders and imbalance of fluid and electrolytes.

Endocrine System The major glands are: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal glands, pancreatic islets, ovaries and testes. The major glands are: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal glands, pancreatic islets, ovaries and testes. A disorder can be caused from A disorder can be caused from –Hypersecretion –Insufficient secretion

Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance _______________ is the most common fluid imbalance _______________ is the most common fluid imbalance –Caused by lack of water –Excessive loss of water _______________ mineral salts _______________ mineral salts –Potassium and sodium Depletion of electrolytes is caused by: Depletion of electrolytes is caused by: –Vomiting, diarrhea, and diuretics

Traumatic Disease Diseases as a result of a mechanical force Diseases as a result of a mechanical force –Crushing –Twisting –Radiation –Extreme temperatures Can involve Can involve –Bone –Soft tissue –Skin –Capillaries

Neoplastic Disease New or abnormal growth. Uncontrollable growth Uncontrollable growth Neoplasm Neoplasm –___________: remain localized and non-invasive –___________: continue to grow, spread and invade other tissues

Metastasis Spread of malignant cancer. Cancer is the general term to denote malignant neoplasms. Cancer is the general term to denote malignant neoplasms. Ways of metastasis Ways of metastasis –Hematogenous –Lymphatic –Invasion –Seeding

Staging of Cancer TNM system adopted in 1950’s is the standard TNM system adopted in 1950’s is the standard –American Joint Committee on Cancer –American Cancer Society –American College of Radiology Staging is the evaluation of the extent of cancer based on clinical findings Staging is the evaluation of the extent of cancer based on clinical findings Treatment protocol is based on these findings Treatment protocol is based on these findings Provides indication of prognosis Provides indication of prognosis

TNM Staging T: size of the tumor T: size of the tumor –Untreated primary cancer or tumor N: Regional lymph node involvement N: Regional lymph node involvement M: Presence or absence of distant metastasis M: Presence or absence of distant metastasis Numerical staging is usually designated Numerical staging is usually designated –T1 - T4 –N1 - N4 –M1 – M4

Cell Differentiation Is a process in which cells mature into a functional and structurally specialized cell. __________________ tumor cells __________________ tumor cells –Resemble normal cells –Grow and spread a slow rate ___________ or __________ differentiated ___________ or __________ differentiated –Lack structure and function of normal cells –Grow uncontrollably

Grading of Cancer Is an attempt to estimate the degree of malignancy of a neoplasm. Classified into 4 grades Classified into 4 grades –Grade I –Grade II –Grade III –Grade IV