Up until the late 1800s, there were just a few European colonies on the African coastline. No Europeans had really explored the interior of what they called the “Dark Continent”.

Remember “The White Man’s Burden”??? Which one do you think is more accurate?

Forms of Imperial Control

Management Methods Indirect ControlDirect Control Characteristics -Local officials were used -Limited self-rule -Goal to develop future leaders -Govt’s based on European styles, but may have local rulers Characteristics -Foreign officials brought into rule - No self-rule -Goal assimilation---adopt the White Way -Govt’s institutions based only on European styles Examples -British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma -U.S. colonies on Pacific Islands Examples -French colonies such as Somaliland, Vietnam -German colonies such as Tanganyika

Forms of Imperialism Direct military intervention total control of the country Protectorate - own govt. but “guided” by mother country Sphere of influence - imperialist hold exclusive economic interests But overall aim was to gain the most at the least expense

Forms of Colonial Control Forms of Imperialism CharacteristicsAfrican Example ColonyCountry governed internally by a foreign power Somaliland by France ProtectorateCountry with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Niger River Delta by Britain Sphere of InfluenceArea in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges Liberia by the United States

Types of Control Settlement Colonies: large groups of people from one country living together in a new place (Australia). The aborigines were of African descent. They were brutally treated and systematically murdered by the British settlers. British convicts

Protectorates Protectorates: the local ruler keeps their title, but the colonizers really control the area (Puerto Rico). A political unit that depends on another government for its protection Spanish-American War of 1898 – the U.S. gained the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam.

Dependent Colonies (Direct Rule or Indirect Rule) Dependent Colonies: – Direct Rule: European officials ruled the natives – Indirect Rule: Europeans left the local chiefs or kings in charge and ruled through them.

New Patterns of Government Direct Rule European Governments controls everything Indirect Rule European officials make decisions and native leaders enforce them

Forms of Imperialism Examples of Differences Between French and British The French used their colonial officials to govern, spread French culture, and make territories overseas extensions of France The British focused strictly on administration and were less apt to convert colonial peoples to British ways The British often allowed local rulers to govern territories as their representatives

Direct Rule

Colonization under Direct Rule Colonies featured administrative districts headed by European personnel who assumed responsibility for tax collection, labor and military recruitment, and the maintenance of law and order. Colonies featured administrative districts headed by European personnel who assumed responsibility for tax collection, labor and military recruitment, and the maintenance of law and order. Administrative boundaries intentionally cut across existing African political and ethnic boundaries in order to divide and weaken potentially powerful indigenous (native) groups. Administrative boundaries intentionally cut across existing African political and ethnic boundaries in order to divide and weaken potentially powerful indigenous (native) groups.

Direct Rule This was used commonly by France. Would have a governor-general in charge of the colony. Was to assimilate African subjects into French culture. Did not preserve native traditions. Africans were could run for office and even serve in French National Assembly in Paris Though this was rare

Difficulties Under Direct Rule Constant shortage of European personnel Constant shortage of European personnel – Ex. In French West Africa some thirty-six hundred Europeans tried to rule over an African population of more than nine million. The combination of long distances and slow transport limited effective communication between regional authorities and officials in remote areas. The combination of long distances and slow transport limited effective communication between regional authorities and officials in remote areas. An inability to speak local languages and a limited understanding of local customs among European officials further undermined their effective administration. An inability to speak local languages and a limited understanding of local customs among European officials further undermined their effective administration.

Indirect Rule

Local rulers allowed to keep their authority and status in the new colonial setting Made access to region’s natural resources easier Was cheaper because few officials had to be trained Affected the local culture less But some local elites resisted foreign conquest Was used by Great Britain

Indirect Rule First implemented by Lord Lugard in Nigeria and used by the British in West Africa Consisted of keeping the African power structure and making it part of the colonial administration If there was no local power structure, then new tribes and chiefs were created. The local leaders had to follow the colonial rules in return for protection, salaries and gifts

Indirect Rule The local leaders were responsible for collecting taxes, providing cheap labor, and reporting back to the governor or the colony The governor was an official appointed by the British government The intent of the British was not to destroy the African structure and culture, but to share skills and values

Colonization under Indirect Rule A British colonial administrator Frederick D. Lugard was the driving force behind the doctrine of indirect rule, which the British employed in many of its African colonies. A British colonial administrator Frederick D. Lugard was the driving force behind the doctrine of indirect rule, which the British employed in many of its African colonies. Lugard wrote The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa. Lugard wrote The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa. In this he stressed the moral and financial advantages of exercising control over subject populations through indigenous (native) institutions. In this he stressed the moral and financial advantages of exercising control over subject populations through indigenous (native) institutions.

Frederick D. Lugard

Indirect Control Lugard thought that by using tribal and customary laws Europeans could establish a strong foundation for colonial rule. Lugard thought that by using tribal and customary laws Europeans could establish a strong foundation for colonial rule. Forms of indirect rule worked in regions where Africans had already established strong and highly organized states Forms of indirect rule worked in regions where Africans had already established strong and highly organized states Often this plan was not effective, especially in the regions that were not well organized under the control of its colonial leaders. Often this plan was not effective, especially in the regions that were not well organized under the control of its colonial leaders.

Indirect Rule British administrators made all the major decisions while local authorities just carried out the orders Kept the old African elite in power and provided few opportunities for ambitious and talented young Africans Sowed the seeds for class and tribal tensions of the 20 th century

Indirect Company Rule Was adopted in Northern and Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe and Zambia Was implemented by Cecil Rhodes In 1888, Rhodes set up his own private company, the British South Africa Company, after he acquired control of the gold and diamond resources in the area Between 1890 and 1923, Rhodes and his company set up a colonial administration using the British system of indirect rule In 1923, the company colony became self-governing The white settlers ran the administration free from British government control

Difficulties Under Indirect Rule Many colonial leaders were confused by the complexity of tribal laws and boundaries and imposed their own idea of what they thought was tribal boundaries and tribal laws. Many colonial leaders were confused by the complexity of tribal laws and boundaries and imposed their own idea of what they thought was tribal boundaries and tribal laws. This was done with little regard to the differences between tribes and these tribes were split up into what Europeans thought was acceptable boundaries. This was done with little regard to the differences between tribes and these tribes were split up into what Europeans thought was acceptable boundaries. These colonial boundaries divided ethnic groups or grouped traditional enemies. These colonial boundaries divided ethnic groups or grouped traditional enemies. Some groups were even given limited access to water in their newly drawn up lines of tribal territories. Some groups were even given limited access to water in their newly drawn up lines of tribal territories.

Results of Indirect Rule As a result of colonial rule with little regard to African’s tribal boundaries and practices many African nations today are fighting tribal wars As a result of colonial rule with little regard to African’s tribal boundaries and practices many African nations today are fighting tribal wars Ex.(Rwandan genocide) and still having disputes over land for reasons such as ethnic dominance and control over natural resources. Ex.(Rwandan genocide) and still having disputes over land for reasons such as ethnic dominance and control over natural resources.

Berlin Conference

The Division of Africa Diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) were discovered in South Africa. Berlin Conference ( ): 14 European nations agreed to lay down rules for the division of Africa. No African ruler was invited to this conference. Demand of Raw Materials: Africa was rich in mineral resources like copper and tin in the Congo and gold and diamonds in South Africa. Cash crop plantations for peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber were also developed.

Berlin Conference 1884  GOALS: to promote the three c’s  Commerce  Christianity  civilization  Ensure Free trade  Ensure free navigation on Niger River  Agree to rules to divide up Africa

Also, there was the question of how to divvy up Africa in an orderly manner… Of course, no one asked the native Africans. Over time, “warring” tribes would be placed together Straight lines in Africa and the Middle East clearly indicate “imperial” meddling.

The Berlin Conference laid down certain rules-- A European power with holdings on the coast had prior rights Occupation must include administrators or troops Each power must give notice to the others of what territories it considered its own THE REAL SCRAMBLE BEGAN!

African Colonization 1884 Berlin Conference: European powers meet and agree on how to divide Africa into colonies. – Only Liberia and Ethiopia remain independent.

“We have been engaged in drawing lines upon maps where no white man’s foot has ever trod. We have been giving away mountains and rivers and lakes to each other, only hindered by the small impediment that we never knew exactly where the mountains and rivers were.” -British Official

Berlin Conference of Another point of view? 

– England, France, and Germany take the most territory. – France takes most of the Sahel.

: Berlin Conference *Recognized the International Association of the Congo (IAC) as sovereign government Kevin P. Dincher37 Belgium* Britain France Germany Italy Portugal Spain Independent

: Berlin Conference – “Spheres of Influence” Region over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity – An international prohibition of the slave trade throughout their respected spheres "International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs" (Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness) Kevin P. Dincher38

Who is missing from this picture??? Europeans: Carving up a Continent

Examples of African Resistance to Imperialism

Primary Source… Nor is violent physical opposition to abuse and injustice henceforth possible for the African in any part of Africa. His chances of effective resistance have been steadily dwindling with the increasing perfectibility in the killing power of modern armament. Thus the African is really helpless against the material gods of the white man, as embodied in the trinity of imperialism, capitalistic exploitation and militarism. – Edward Morel, “The Black Man’s Burden” According to this statement, do you think the Africans could overcome the challenges of Imperialism?

Many Africans fought back: “I have listened to your words but can find no reason why I should obey you – I would rather die first… If you desire friendship, then I am ready for it, today and always. But I cannot be your subject. If you desire war, then I am ready.” -Chief Machemba (1890) What do you think happened?

African Resistance Many Africans attempted to resist European imperialism It was difficult for Africans to resist because – Europeans had superior weapons – More organized armies – Unlimited money Aim: What challenges did Africans face in an attempt to resist European imperialism? Do Now: Matching

Remember? “Whatever happens, we have got the Maxim gun, and they have not.” When Africans rebelled, Europeans killed thousands of Yao, Zulu, Asante, Shona, Herero, and Maji-Maji people. Ethiopia was the only exception…

Even without modern weapons, other Africans still fiercely resisted European powers. Africans did not passively accept European claims to rule over them. As European troops advanced on African territory, they met stiff resistance. Zulu people resisted colonialization more than 50 years Zulu leader Shaka built strong kingdom by subduing several neighboring peoples 1879, British invaded Zulu territory, annexed kingdom as colony The Zulu African Resistance Only nation to retain independence by matching European firepower 1889, emperor Menelik II modernized nation, army 1895, Italian forces invaded over treaty dispute Menelik’s forces defeated Italians Ethiopia

Halie Selassie’s cousin, Emperor Menelik II, had modernized Ethiopia by hiring Europeans to build roads, bridges and schools. He bought weapons from Great Britain to fight the Italian invaders, and defeated the Italians in 1896.

Ethiopia: Successful Resistance Only African nation that was successful in resisting the Europeans Menelik II, leader, played the Italians, French and British against each other. – He built a large arsnal of weapons – Learned that treaties were not always correct Defeated the Italians in the Battle of Adowa Aim: What challenges did Africans face in an attempt to resist European imperialism? Do Now: Matching

Menelik II Aim: What challenges did Africans face in an attempt to resist European imperialism? Do Now: Matching

When Italy invaded again in 1935, Haile Selassie I made a famous speech to the League of Nations. Bob Marley used his speech as lyrics to a song, “War”

“That until the philosophy which holds one race superior and another inferior is finally and permanently discredited and abandoned: That until there are no longer first-class and second class citizens of any nation; That until the color of a man's skin is of no more significance than the color of his eyes; That until the basic human rights are equally guaranteed to all without regard to race; That until that day, the dream of lasting peace and world citizenship and the rule of international morality will remain but a fleeting illusion, to be pursued but never attained…”

“And until the ignoble and unhappy regimes that hold our brothers in Angola, in Mozambique and in South Africa in subhuman bondage have been toppled and destroyed… Until that day, the African continent will not know peace. We Africans will fight, if necessary, and we know that we shall win, as we are confident in the victory of good over evil.”

Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828)