I. Sudan: A Divided Country

 Former Brit. Colony –1956: Brits. gave power to Northern Arab elite  >500 ethnic groups w/ >100 languages  Governed by military regimes  Sudanese split: –North = Muslim –South = Christian & Animist

 1979: oil was discovered (south) discovered (south)

 : Civil War –Muslim North vs. Christian South  Fought b/c: 1) cultural differences 2) oil money –WAS the longest running civil war in Af.

 1986: Omar al-Bashir became Pres.

 Beginning of 21 st cent.: 2 million dead (civil war & famine) –Longest running war in Af. ( )  2004: Oil wealth is shared  2005: Comprehensive Peace Agreement –Led to independence of South Sudan –Granted south autonomy (6 yrs.) –Referendum for independence (passed Jan. 2011) –Split oil $?

 Sudanese Oil: –Where does all the $$$$ go? –Khartoum—modern city (others?)

 July 9, 2011: –South Sudan was born –54th member of African Union –World’s newest country!  Fighting continues along border over oil-rich lands

II. Crisis in Darfur

 2003: Crisis began  Rebel Groups (non-Arab black Af. Muslims) –Sudanese Liberation Army/Movement (SLA/M) –Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) –Want govt. to share oil $ (MEND in Nigeria)

“To kill a few fish, you must drain the entire sea”  Pres. Omar al-Bashir & the Janjaweed –Arab black Af. Muslims –Janjaweed (nomadic Arab black Af. Muslim pastoralists in competition w/Darfurian farmers for land)  Desertification –Target Darfurian (non-Arab black Af. Muslim farmers)  GENOCIDE & ETHNIC CLEANSING against the non-Arab black Af. Muslims!!  Genocide: the deliberate, systematic killing of a group of people b/c of their race, religion, or ethnicity –Nothing to do w/Christians in South!

 Scorched earth campaign –>400,000 dead –2.5 million refugees or Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) – Chad  Dependent on UN aid –1 million still live in villages  African Union (AU): peacekeeping force

Humanitarian Effort?  Humanitarian workers are targeted  U.S. Efforts? –“Genocide” –2007: U.S. imposed economic sanctions on Sudan –China is undermining Western attempts  2/3 of oil = China  al-Bashir tries to keep it quiet

Arrest Warrant Issued for al-Bashir  March 4, 2009: –International Criminal Court in The Hague –Indicted al-Bashir on crimes against humanity  First sitting head of state to be issued arrest warrant  Sudan rejects charges  Does not travel to West  Video Video