Russian Revolution

Russia Pre World War I

Russian Society Autocratic czar Ukase: police action, army under direction of Czar Rise of the intelligentsia – radical ideology Dissatisfied, demanded reform in western style Alexander Herzen – socialist (Polar Star) Nihilists Anarchists, Terrorists Bakunin Secret terrorist societies

Russia Alexander II: Liberal Reformer Abolish feudalism 1861 (imperial ukase) Mir: self-governing community of peasant households assumed communal control of the community’s land and periodically redistributed it among the households, according to their sizes Zemstvos : Provincial councils (self-government) Westernize legal systems & law Lawyers, no class distinction, public trials, juries Eased censorship and travel restrictions Eliminated “Third Section” (secret police) Assassinated 1881 (after 4 other attempts) Alexander III reactionary – Nicholas II

Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Attacks

Pale of Settlement

The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg Revolution of 1905 Bloody Sunday The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

organized by Father Gapon petition with workers demands to present to Czar deaths numbers in the 1,000

Spread of Revolution The Battleship Potemkin

The Path to 1917

October Manifesto, 1905 The Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order Sergei Witte , Prime Minister Grant civil liberties to the people freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of association; a broad participation in the Duma; introduction of universal male suffrage; and a decree that no law should come into force without the consent of the state Duma.

The Russian Constitution of 1906 Known as the Fundamental Laws April 23, 1906. Article 4 states: "The supreme autocratic power is vested in the Emperor of all the Russias. It is God's command that his authority should be obeyed not only through fear but for conscience's sake." Article 9 provides that: "The Sovereign Emperor approves the laws, and without his approval no law can come into existence." The autocracy of the Russian Tsar was declared. The Tsar was supreme over the law, the church, and the Duma. It confirmed the basic human rights granted by the October Manifesto, BUT made them subordinate to the supremacy of the law.

The Duma The Czar had the power to dismiss the Duma and announce new elections whenever he wished. The imperial State Duma was elected 4 times: in 1906, twice in 1907, and in 1912. Subordinate to the Czar

Russian Humiliation

Czar Nicholas II

Causes of 1917 Social Hierarchy Weak Economy Early Industrialization Russo-Japanese War Extensive Foreign Investment/influence Unrest among peasants & urban poor

Causes of 1917 World War I losses & hardships Social tensions 1916-1917 Turnip winter Social tensions Intelligentsia, peasants (legacy of Razin, Pugachev), new working classes, aristocracy Political Tensions Revolution of 1905, Russo Japanese War, Duma Leadership Failures (Nicholas II)

Established “Political Parties” Socialist Revolutionaries (Populist - Liberals) Socialists believed Peasants were source of Revolution (Kerensky) Social Democrats (Marxist) Supported true revolution of proletariat Split into Mensheviks & Bolsheviks Bolsheviks Party of Lenin Necessary for elite group to direct Revolution Dictatorship of the Proletariat

February 1917 Food shortages Bread riots in Petrograd Army sides with rioters Czar abdicates Provisional Government Established Alexander Kerensky Moderate liberal Implements Constituent Assembly & liberal reforms

October: Failure of Kerensky’s Government Petrograd Soviet demands greater reforms Soviets develop through Russia Lenin returns from Western Europe Bolshevik ‘highjack’ Revolution Align with Soviets Promises of Peace, Land, Bread Coup October 1917 Congress of All Soviets Bolsheviks take majority in Congress Elect Lenin

Civil War: 1918 Whites vs Reds Brest –Litovsk Treaty Leon Trotsky : Red Army Cheka: Secret Police War Communism Redistribution of land Nationalization of Major Industries Establish Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Local autonomy in local affairs Important state issues in hands of Central Government One Party system

Allied Intervention Allies at Archangel –until 1919 Japanese and American forces at Vladivostok until 1922 Worked against counterrevolutionary efforts Beginning of the Cold War?