WHI- SOL Review Unit 3 Unit 3: SOL 6 Rome

Geography of Rome Italian Peninsula (boot) Center of the Mediterranean Basin Alps (protection- North) Mediterranean Sea

Government in the Republic Social Structure Patricians (rich) Plebeians (ordinary) Slaves (not based on race) Citizenship Only Patrician & Plebeian MEN Selected foreigners Which ones were selected? Rights: taxes, military service, voting

Features of Roman Democracy Representative Democracy (Republic) Assemblies The Senate Consuls Laws of Rome = Twelve Tables Women, aliens, and slaves didn’t have rights in the Republic, but Rome still made strides in helping to create modern democracy

Punic Wars: 264 – 146 BC Rome v. Carthage Fought over Trade Hannibal = General from Carthage. Invaded Italy by riding on elephants through the Alps. (2nd) 3 wars = Ended in the destruction of Carthage. Rome WON!!!

Spread of Rome & Creating an Empire Controlled the Mediterranean Basin Africa, Asia, Europe, Hellenistic (Greek) Eastern Mediterranean Conquered western Europe (Gaul & British Isles) Do you remember which General conquered Gaul? Julius Caesar

The End of the Republic Creating an Imperial Regime The Roman Republic, in the face of changing social and economic conditions, succumbed to civil war and was replaced by an imperial regime, the Roman Empire. Creating an Imperial Regime 1st Triumvirate (JCP) Julius Caesar 2nd Triumvirate (AOL) Marc Anthony v. Octavian Empire: had an emperor to control land with military authority Problem: didn’t have a peaceful succession of emperors Fall of the Republic Spread of slavery in the agricultural system Migration of small farmers into the cities & unemployment Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar Inflation

Pax Romana & Its Impact Augustus Caesar established the Roman Empire by instituting civil service, rule by law a common coinage, and secure travel and trade throughout the Empire. Following Augustus Caesar, the Roman Empire enjoyed 200 years of peace & prosperity known as the Pax Romana.

Augustus & the Pax Romana 200 yrs of peace & prosperity under imperial rule Solidified Empire in Near East Social Impacts: Returned stability to the social classes Increased emphasis on the family Economic impacts: Common coinage, expanded trade Safe travel & trade on Roman roads Political impacts: Civil service Rule of law

Roman mythology Religion of the Roman Republic Polytheistic Based on Greek mythology Explained natural phenomena, human qualities & life events **Flip to page 33 to fill this section in Gods & Goddesses Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, Venus, Mercury, Mars Mainly have planet names

Christianity Followers of Jesus spread it & eventually changed Western Civilization. Beliefs, Traditions & Customs: Monotheism Jesus = Son & Incarnation of god Life after Death New Testament Church councils determined early doctrine Origins: Judaism Jesus of Nazareth (Messiah) Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs in the empire

Christianity… Church grew in power Spread of Christianity Constantine converted to Christianity (CCC) Edict of Milan Official religion of the Empire Became the moral authority Loyalty to Church > loyalty to Emperor Main unifying force of Western Europe Spread of Christianity Popular message Early martyrs inspired people Martyr = Dies for their cause Apostles, including Paul, spread it throughout the Empire

Fall of the Roman Empire Size: too big to handle Economy: cost of defense & devaluation of currency Military: Army started to include Non-Romans Moral Decay: loss of faith in Rome & the family Political: Civil war & weak leaders Invasion: attacks on borders Division of Roman Empire Constantine moved capital to Byzantium (Constantinople) West “fell” in 476 AD, while the East lived for another 1000 years Eastern Roman Empire = the Byzantine Empire

The Eastern & Western Empires

Roman Contributions Art/ Architecture: Pantheon, Coliseum, Forum Technology/ Engineering: Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches, Concrete Science: Ptolemy (geocentric theory of the universe) Medicine: Emphasis on public health (public baths; public water system; medical schools) Language: Latin, Romance languages Literature: Virgil’s Aenid Religion: Roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion Law: The principle of “innocent until proven guilty” (from the Twelve Tables)

Question time! Let’s see how you do. Questions based off of SOL 6

Punic Wars ????????? Defeated Carthage Which of the following would best complete the chart? A. Expanded the power of the Roman Republic B. Expanded the power of the Roman Empire C. Expanded trade in the Roman Empire D. Scipio invaded the Italian Peninsula

Which of the following is a cause for the decline of the Roman Republic? Civil war over the power of Octavian Caesar Amount of slaves in the agricultural system decreased Amount of farm land worked by small farmers decreased Roman army started to include barbarians, resulting in a lack of discipline

Julius Caesar was assassinated on the “Ides of March” (March 15th), 44 BC. Why? In a last-ditch effort to save the Roman Empire In a last-ditch effort to save the Roman Republic He was killed by the jealous husband of one of his lovers His wife stabbed him to death for cheating on her

- Jesus is both the savior and the son of God. -Monotheistic Which religion is being described above? A. Shintoism B. Judaism C. Christianity D. Islam

“Christianity is proclaimed as a legal religion in this empire…All Christians have the right to openly worship without being harassed…” Which emperor would have said the quote above? A. Constantine B. Caligula C. Charlemagne D. Theodosius

Who moved the capital of Rome to Byzantium? Constantine Diocletian Charlemagne Justinian