C hapter Eleven Gender and Human Sexuality © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

STUDYING HUMAN SEXUALITY © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early Research Victorian Period Many mistaken ideas about sexuality Havelock Ellis Physician and early sexuality researcher Search for reliable and accurate sex information © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Modern Research Kinsey (1948, 1953) Interviewed over participants with detailed questions Results surprised society Sampling bias Masters and Johnson (1961, 1966, 1970) Lab studies and observation Physiological measurements © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

SEX AND GENDER © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sex and Gender Sex Biological maleness and femaleness, including chromosomal sex Also, sexual behaviors such as masturbation and intercourse Gender Psychological and sociocultural meanings added to biological maleness or femaleness Gender Role Societal expectations for “appropriate” male and female behavior Aware of these by age 2 © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. ANIMATION Gender

Sex and Gender © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. WILEY VIDEO Y’s Guys

Gender-role Development: Social- Learning Theory © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Gender-role Development: Gender-Schema Theory © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Are You Androgynous? Rate yourself 1 (never or almost never true) to 7 (always or almost always true) Analytical Affectionate Competitive Compassionate Aggressive Cheerful Independent gentle Athletic Sensitive © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Androgyny Exhibiting both feminine and masculine traits Masculine and androgynous individuals correlated with higher self-esteem, creativity, academic scores, mental health, social competence, and achievement motivation Men and women tend to value masculine traits more than feminine traits © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Gender Identity Self-identification as being either a man or a woman Transsexualism—gender identity is opposite to biological sex Transvestism—individuals (mostly men) who adopt the dress and behavior of the other sex, usually for emotional and sexual gratification Sexual Orientation—primary erotic attraction toward members of the same sex (homosexual, gay, lesbian), both sexes (bisexual), or other sex (heterosexual) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Case study: Dr. John Money and Bruce/Brenda/David © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sex Differences © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sex Differences © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sex Differences © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sex and Gender Differences © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. WILEY VIDEO What Sex is Your Brain? WILEY VIDEO Maternal Separation

Sex and Gender Differences © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. WILEY VIDEO Gender and Love WILEY VIDEO Chocolate on the Brain

Sex and Gender Differences Note that studies of human gender differences are correlational Difficult to separate biological, psychological, and social effects © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. WILEY VIDEO Men vs. Women Shoppers

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sexual Response Cycle (Masters and Johnson, 1966) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sexual Response Cycle (Masters and Johnson, 1966) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sexual Orientation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sexual Orientation Exact causes are unknown Genetics and biology likely play an important part 2–10% of the population is homosexual Homosexuality is not a mental illness Sexual prejudice—negative attitudes toward an individual because of her or his sexual orientation © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. WILEY VIDEO Gay Brains

SEX PROBLEMS © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sexual Dysfunction Impairment of the normal physiological processes of arousal and orgasm © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Major Male Sexual Dysfunctions © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Major Female Sexual Dysfunc tions © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Major Male and Female Sexual Dysfunctions © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sexual Effects of Drugs © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychological Influences Performance Anxiety Fear of being judged in connection with sexual activity Double Standard Beliefs, values, and norms that subtly encourage male sexuality and discourage female sexuality Sexual Scripts Socially dictated descriptions of “appropriate” behaviors for sexual interactions © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

What Men and Women Want © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

What Men and Women Wan t © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Masters and Johnson’s Sex Therapy Program Four Major Principles Relationship focus Investigation of both biological and psychosocial factors Emphasis on cognitive factors Specific behavioral techniques © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sex Therapist Recommendations Begin sex education as early as possible Avoid goal- or performance-oriented approaches Communicate openly with your partner © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sexually Transmitted Infections © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sexually Transmitted Infections © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sexually Transmitted Infections AIDS—Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) destroy the immune system’s ability to fight disease, leaving the body vulnerable to a variety of opportunistic infections and cancers HIV positive—being infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Newly infected individuals are more infectious Spreads through direct contact with bodily fluids © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Safer Sex Suggestions Remain abstinent or have sex with one mutually faithful, uninfected partner Don’t use IV illicit drugs or have sex with someone who does Avoid contact with blood, vaginal secretions, or semen Avoid anal intercourse, with or without a condom Don’t have sex if you or your partner are impaired by alcohol or other drugs © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cross-cultural Differences in Sexual Behavior Consider these different practices: Male Circumcision Female Circumcision Clitoridectomy Genital Infibulation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cross-cultural Differences in Sexual Behavior © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.