The WMO Space Programme An Introduction to Meteorological Satellite Adapted from HPTE 2006 Lecture A123 by Donald Hinsman, Jim Purdom and Jeff Wilson

The beginning of the weather satellite era First TIROS-1 Image April 1, 1960 The beginning of the weather satellite era Canada Nova Scotia By 1948, pioneers in atmospheric science were paving the way for environmental satellite applications with the first serious attempt to analyze the atmosphere from “space” based on cloud characteristics depicted in large area photo-mosaics taken from V2 Rockets (Crowson, 1949). Nearly 12 years later, on April 1, 1960, the meteorological satellite era “officially” began with the launch of TIROS 1 (Television and InfraRed Observation Satellite). Since those early days, when satellite images were uncalibrated photographs of clouds and the earth, growth in remote sensing technology and computer capabilities has led to the high resolution, multi-spectral digital renderings that satellite data are today.

53+ Years Later Satellites provide high resolution digital data from a variety of spectral bands whereby both qualitative and quantitative information about the atmosphere, clouds, and land and sea surface properties are deduced Meteorological satellites provide essential data for weather forecasting to national weather services across the globe

WMO space-based system of the Global Observing System Unparalleled international cooperation has been achieved in satellite activities EUMETSAT contribution

Operational satellites and EUMETSAT’s contribution FY-1D (CHINA) GOES-9 JAPAN (USA) 155°E Metop-A (EUMETSAT) MTSAT-1R (JAPAN) 140°E GOES-W (USA) 135°W Jason-2 (NASA-NOAA CNES-EUM) GOES-N (USA) 90°W INSAT (INDIA) 93.5°E FY-2A (CHINA) 86.5°E GOES-E (USA) 75°W NOAA (USA) METEOR (RUSSIA) GOMS (RUSSIA) 76°E KALPANA-1 (INDIA) 74°E Meteosat-9 (EUMETSAT) 0° Longitude Meteosat-8 (EUMETSAT) 0° Longitude Meteosat-7 (EUMETSAT) 57°E Meteosat-6 (EUMETSAT) 67°E

Status of the space-based component GOS Standing members operational satellite operators, e.g. NOAA, EUMETSAT Recent new members (R&D), e.g. NASA – Aqua, Terra, NPP, TRMM, QuickScat ESA – ERS 1 and 2, ENVISAT FSA –METEOR 3M N1 (R&D inst), OKEAN series CNES – Jason-1, SPOT-5 IMD – INSAT series Possible future members

Meteosat Series Operational history Meteosat First Generation: Meteosat-1 1977-October 1979 * Meteosat-2 1981-1991 Meteosat-3 1988-1995 Meteosat-4 1989-1995 Meteosat-5 1991-2007 Meteosat-6 1993-2006 Meteosat-7 1997-2013 * Due to a radiometer problem the imaging stopped and the satellite was only used for data dissemination

Meteosat Series Operational history of Meteosat Second Generation : Meteosat-8 2003-2006 (MSG-1) Meteosat-9 2006- 2014 (MSG-2)

Meteosat First Generation (MFG) METEOSAT-1 to 7 Meteosat First Generation (MFG) Vis & IR Imager 3 Spectral Channels Images every 30 Minutes 5 km horizontal ‘Sampling Distance’ VIS-Channel 2.5 km

Channels of First Generation METEOSAT

VIS, IR & WV channels of Meteosat First Generation

IODC – Meteosat First Generation (Meteosat-6/7) VIS Image Meteosat IR Image Meteosat WV Image Image every 30 minutes

EUMETSAT’s geostationary satellite coverage 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 20 60 S 60 N IODC IODC – Indian Ocean Data Coverage Meteosat-9 (0°) Meteosat-8 (3.5°E) Meteosat-7 (57°E) Meteosat-6 (67°E)

SEVIRI radiometer 12 channels every 15 minutes Ch 1 - VIS 0.6 Ch 2 - VIS 0.8 Ch 3 - NIR 1.6 Ch 4 - IR 3.9 Ch 5 - WV 6.2 Ch 6 - WV 7.3 Ch 7 - IR 8.7 Ch 8 - IR 9.7 Ch 9 - IR 10.8 Ch 10 - IR 12.0 Ch 11 - IR 13.4 Ch 12 - HRV

METEOSAT-9 and METEOSAT-7 EARTH VIEW FROM METEOSAT-9 and METEOSAT-7

MSG SEVIRI Channels

MSG SEVIRI Channels

MSG SEVIRI Channels

Most useful channels and combinations TC Gonu, 4 June 2007 08:00UTC day only 24 hours

Monitoring of Tropical Cyclones Using MSG IR10.8 to get info on cloud top temperature/height HRVIS to see detailed structures NIR1.6 and IR3.9 (solar component) to get information on phase and particle size IR3.9 - IR10.8 to find areas with most intense development/precipitation RGB 01/03/09 (Day) or RGB 01/04/09 (Day) and RGB 10-09/09-04/09 (Night) to monitor cloud types and convective development RGB 05-06/04-09/03-01 to monitor convective development