Section 3 Remote sensing of global change 5. Carbon cycle Global Change Instructor: Dr. Cheng-Chien LiuCheng-Chien Liu Department of Earth Sciences National Cheng Kung University Office: Building of Earth Sciences, room Voice: ext Office hours: Monday 14:00 – 17:00, Wednesday 9:00 – 12:00 URL: Last updated: 4 May 2004
5.1 Introduction Life on Earth carbon and water Questions of the carbon cycle Where does it go? How does it get there? What keeps the cycle moving? What’s the future of life on Earth in a post-industrial age? NASA’s step SeaWiFS A short video: cycle of life ackage.mov ackage.mov
5.2 The colors of life Color of reflected light photosynthesis utilization of carbon Land Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) over the past 20 years Ocean elusive SeaWiFS A short video: colorful shadows: inferring carbon's cycle /waterplanet.mov /waterplanet.mov
5.3 The carbon cycle Observations The carbon record historic atmospheric carbon dioxide levels (Fig ) Ice core (Fig ) no significant change for thousands of years Field station (Mauna Loa, Hawaii) (Fig ) since 1958, once per hour annual cycle significant increase 16.6% from 1959 – 1999 The largest annual increase 2.9 ppmv (1997 – 1998)
Fig Fig Source:
Fig Fig The average levels of atmospheric carbon going back roughly a thousand years measured from ice core samples collected in Antarctica Source:
Fig Fig The average levels of atmospheric carbon measured from a field station near the Mauna Loa caldera in Hawaii since 1958 Source:
5.3 The carbon cycle (cont.) Carbon and the land – the fast cycle Defoliation Carbon sequestration – carbon being taken in from the surrounding world and literally trapper for a period of time by the very body that it enables to grow Decomposition Plant die decompose carbon is back to the environment Fire A short video rbon_cycle_land.mov rbon_cycle_land.mov
5.3 The carbon cycle (cont.) Carbon and the ocean – the slow cycle Phytoplankton Bloom Light + nutrient photosynthesis absorb carbon in the atmosphere and grow foundation of food chain Sources of nutrient Deep water upwelling River outflow Marine snow A short video rbon_cycle_water.mov rbon_cycle_water.mov
5.4 Remote sensing techniques for studying carbon cycle Sensor Ocean color Missions Historical Satellite Ocean Color Sensors Current Satellite Ocean Color Sensors Scheduled Satellite Ocean Color Sensors
Table Table Historical Satellite Ocean Color Sensors Source: SENSORAGENCYSATELLITE OPERATING DATES SWATH (km) RESOLUTION (m) # OF BANDS SPECTRAL COVERAGE(nm) CZCS NASA (USA) Nimbus-7 (USA) 24/10/ /06/ OCTS NASDA (Japan) ADEOS (Japan) 17/08/96 - 1/07/ POLDER CNES (France) ADEOS (Japan) 17/08/96 - 1/07/ km
Table Table Current Satellite Ocean Color Sensors Source: SENSORAGENCYSATELLITE LAUNCH DATE SWATH (km) RESOLUTION (m) # OF BANDS SPECTRAL COVERAGE(nm) MOS DLR (Germany) IRS P3 (India) 21/03/ SeaWiFS NASA (USA) OrbView-2 (USA) 1/08/ OCI NEC (Japan) ROCSAT-1 (Taiwan) 27/01/ OCM ISRO (India) IRS-P4 (India) 26/05/ MODIS-Terra NASA (USA) Terra (USA) 18/12/ MISR NASA (USA) Terra (USA) 18/12/ OSMI KARI (Korea) KOMPSAT (Korea) 20/12/ MERIS ESA (Europe) ENVISAT-1 Europe) 1/03/ / MODIS-Aqua NASA (USA) Aqua (EOS-PM1) 4/05/ CMODIS CNSA (China) Shen Zhou-3 (China) March, COCTS CNSA (China) HaiYang-1 (China) 15/05/ CZI CNSA (China) HaiYang-1 (China) 15/05/ GLI NASDA (Japan) ADEOS-II (Japan) 14/12/ / POLDER-2 CNES (France) ADEOS-II (Japan) 14/12/
Table Table Scheduled Satellite Ocean Color Sensors Source: SENSORAGENCYSATELLITE SCHEDULED LAUNCH SWATH (km) RESOLUTION (m) # OF BANDS SPECTRAL COVERAGE(nm) S-GLI NASDA (Japan) ADEOS-3 (Japan) VIIRS U.S. Gov. (USA) NPP (USA)
5.4 Remote sensing techniques for studying carbon cycle (cont.) Principle: Measurements: /a mpghttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002000/a /a mpg /a mpghttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a000600/a /a mpg /a mpghttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002000/a /a mpg
5.4 Remote sensing techniques for studying carbon cycle (cont.) Useful links: International Ocean Color Coordinate Group Data: GSFC Earth Sciences Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) Ocean color CZCS OCTS SeaWiFS MODIS
5.5 Questions What is the residence time for carbon to stay in various reservoirs?