chomp! Citing Sources Why How Quality Sources Citing Sources Why How Quality Sources

Citations Provide PROOF Convince readers that your claims are valid Both the amount and the quality of your evidence count. And the quality of your evidence will depend on where you got it, how you prepare it, and how you present it. Citations Provide PROOF Convince readers that your claims are valid Both the amount and the quality of your evidence count. And the quality of your evidence will depend on where you got it, how you prepare it, and how you present it.

Obvious Plagiarism  buying, stealing, or borrowing a paper (including, of course, copying an entire paper or article from the Web);  hiring someone to write your paper for you; and copying large sections of text from a source without quotation marks or proper citation.

Cite It  Words or ideas presented in a magazine, book, newspaper, song, TV program, movie, Web page, computer program, letter, advertisement, or any other medium  Information you gain through interviewing or conversing with another person, face to face, over the phone, or in writing  When you copy the exact words or a unique phrase  When you reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures, or other visual materials  When you reuse or repost any electronically-available media, including images, audio, video, or other media

DON’T Cite It  Writing your own lived experiences, your own observations and insights, your own thoughts, and your own conclusions about a subject  When you are writing up your own results obtained through lab or field experiments  When you use your own artwork, digital photographs, video, audio, etc.  When you are using "common knowledge," things like folklore, common sense observations, myths, urban legends, and historical events (but not historical documents)  When you are using generally-accepted facts, e.g., pollution is bad for the environment, including facts that are accepted within particular discourse communities, e.g., in the field of composition studies, "writing is a process" is a generally-accepted fact.

Must Cite in 2 places: 1) In-text 2) Works Cited Page In the body of the paper, it looks like this: When Mercutio is wounded, he screams “A plague on both your houses!” referring to both the Capulets and the Montagues (Shakespeare 70). In the body of the paper, it looks like this: When Mercutio is wounded, he screams “A plague on both your houses!” referring to both the Capulets and the Montagues (Shakespeare 70). Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. New York: Scholastic, Inc., Print.

Quotation Punctuation  Period goes AFTER the quote Citation: use 1 st thing in the Works Cited page (usually author’s last name or article title)

Halio, Jay L., "Elizabethan Age." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Scholastic Library Publishing, HF-L High School. 1 Apr Web.. “Home Life” Life in Elizabethan England. Summer Mar Web.. Pressley, J. M. "An Encapsulated Biography." Shakespeare Resource Center, February 10, Mar Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. New York: Scholastic, Inc., Print. Thomas, Heather. The Life in Times of Queen Elizabeth I. 23 Mar Apr Web.. Works Cited When in-text citing this source, put (Halio) When in-text citing this source, put (“Home Life”) When in-text citing this source, put (Pressley) When in-text citing this source, put (Shakespeare) When in-text citing this source, put (Thomas)

Works Cited  Use  Make sure ALL information is correct  Works Cited goes on its OWN PAGE, inside your document (last page) Do NOT trust Microsoft! It uses MLA 2007Do NOT trust Microsoft! It uses MLA 2007

A. On September 11, 2001, the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were attacked by hijacked airplanes. B. Atta, Binalshibh, al Shehhi, and Jarrah had lived in Germany and were chosen over more established Al Qaeda members due to their exposure to the West and ability to speak English. A. On September 11, 2001, the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were attacked by hijacked airplanes. B. Atta, Binalshibh, al Shehhi, and Jarrah had lived in Germany and were chosen over more established Al Qaeda members due to their exposure to the West and ability to speak English.

B was correct: it is specific and not commonly known  How would you cite it? In the text of your paper:  Atta, Binalshibh, al Shehhi, and Jarrah had lived in Germany and were chosen over more established Al Qaeda members due to their exposure to the West and ability to speak English (“National Commission…” 160). In the Works Cited: “National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States.” The 9/11 Commission Report. New York: W.W. Norton, “National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States.” The 9/11 Commission Report. New York: W.W. Norton, 2004.

Which of THESE do you need to cite? A. “The science labs at East St. Louis High School are 30 to 50 years outdated.” B. When public schools were segregated, conditions were not equal.

How would you cite it? In-body:  “The science labs at East St. Louis High School are 30 to 50 years outdated” (Kozol 27). In the Works Cited: Kozol, Jonathan. Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools. New York: HarperCollins, Print.

QuotingQuoting  Quotations identical to the originalidentical to the original using a narrow segment of the source.using a narrow segment of the source. Must match the source document word for wordMust match the source document word for word must be attributed to the original author.must be attributed to the original author. Direct quotation. Finally, determining which frog had committed the atrocity she shouted, “Off with his head!” (Burton 26:52).Direct quotation. Finally, determining which frog had committed the atrocity she shouted, “Off with his head!” (Burton 26:52). MLA style citation

When should I use a direct quote?  When you need to analyze the language of the text in your writing  When you want to incorporate highly technical information into your text  When you want to show different sides of the argument in the debater’s own words  When a great passage needs to speak for itself. Think of quotes like jewels in a crown: there is such a thing as “over-doing it” (re: this tiara!) –so use quotes sparingly. IN fact, papers should be no more than 25% quotes!

ParaphrasingParaphrasing  Putting a passage from source material into your own words.  Must also be attributed to the original source.  Usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source (1 paragraph, etc) and condensing it slightly. Paraphrase. In Chapter 11 of Into the Wild, Walt, McCandless’s father, remembers an early hike with twelve-year-old Chris. They made it to 13,000 feet before turning back from the 14,256-foot summit in Colorado. Chris did not want to quit, and complained all the way down (Krakauer, 109).Paraphrase. In Chapter 11 of Into the Wild, Walt, McCandless’s father, remembers an early hike with twelve-year-old Chris. They made it to 13,000 feet before turning back from the 14,256-foot summit in Colorado. Chris did not want to quit, and complained all the way down (Krakauer, 109). MLA style citation

When should I paraphrase?  the quotation is long and wordy  the words in the quotation are not powerful  the source of the quotation is unknown or dubious  you are capable of making a good paraphrase without making it seem like plagiarism. Paraphrasing is restating the ideas & details, without using the author’s exact wording or sentence structure.

How to Paraphrase  Carefully read the original quotation and make sure to understand its central theme.  Note down anything that grabs your attention. If you feel that some element (word, phrase, thought) contributes to the central theme of the quotation, make a note of it.  Write a paraphrase in your own words. Meticulously avoid using the original words, phrases, and expression. At the same time, make sure that your words convey the same central theme.  If you need to use an interesting word or phrase from the original text, use quotation marks to indicate that it is not your own.  Cite the source It’s not just using a thesaurus to replace words.

SummarizingSummarizing  putting the main idea(s) of a larger work into your own words  including only the main point(s).  Summaries are significantly shorter than the original  Take a broad overview of the source material. Summary. In Into the Wild, Krakauer seems to be working out his own past and his relationship with his father as well as telling the sad story of Chris McCandless. Because Krakauer, too, is a man of the outdoors, he understands something about the call of the wild.

Practice Paraphrase, Quote, Summary  Game:

Practice “Natural Remedies” Practice “Natural Remedies” This is from the 1 st page of the article 1. Many foods can help mild to moderate nausea. Ginger and fruit are examples of foods that can help an individual feel better. - summary doesn’t need citation 2. “Ginger…[is a] very powerful plant that works on the digestive tract” (Greening 18). 3. Pectin, found in apples, peaches, plums, and carrots, can help decrease nausea (Greening 18). Elipses (…) allow you to skip portions of the quote Brackets [ ] allow you to replace words, correct grammar, or add information in.

Using Quotes/Paraphrases  Your quote can’t make your point for you. YOU must make your point.  Use a quote, tell the reader WHAT it shows and why.

The Quote Sandwich Read & highlight the handout  Introduce your quote/paraphrase  Use your quote  Explain your quote As Kermit the Frog points out, Kermit the Frog profoundly states, According to Kermit the Frog, “It’s not easy being green” (Sesame Street 123). Analyze your quote/: Relate it to your point Judging from his peeling skin, we can see that Kermit it right. The depletion of the ozone makes life difficult for not only humans but green animals as well. Thus we can see that even a famous frog suffers from the color of his skin. Sadly, Kermit isn’t always the happy frog he appears to be on TV. Here Kermit is referring to the prejudice our society has against green creatures. Now create your own Quote sandwich using your own research

Good Sources/Bad Sources   Do NOT use wikipedia as a cited source. Because anyone can change anything It changes frequently – can change daily!   Sources that end in.edu or.gov are more reliable.   Analysis required:News agencies often end in.com   Beware of.org,.com, and.net websites.. Sometimes can be used to show people’s opinions. Should NOT be used for facts unless reputable source such as news site. They are usually the “primary” source –the group doing the research/surveys. They are edited by professionals, they are assessed, and have quality control It is a good 1 st stop for general info, but should never be cited. Instead, use the reference list at the bottom of the wikipedia page as your jumping off point It is a good 1 st stop for general info, but should never be cited. Instead, use the reference list at the bottom of the wikipedia page as your jumping off point.org = Organization (they have motivation to sell you things, change your beliefs, etc.).com= Company/Commercial (they have motivation to sell you things, change your beliefs, etc.) Often newspapers will have these, so think about your.com carefully.net= Network (anyone can purchase these, be careful of “facts”).

Evaluating Sources: CARS Is your web source  Credible  Accurate  Reliable  Supported  See handout, analyze 1 source YOU used.  Sometimes you may use a non-credible source, if you are quoting an opinion and state it as such in your paper.