Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.1 SDH Synchronnous Digital Hierarchy.

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Presentation transcript:

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.1 SDH Synchronnous Digital Hierarchy

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.2 Cieľom štandardizačných prác na medzinárodnej úrovni bolo vytvoriť celosvetový štandard pre digitálne prenosové prostredie, ktoré by umožňovalo výstavbu prevádzkovo a ekonomicky priaznivých, pružných integrovaných digitálnych prenosových sietí s centrálnym programovo počítačom podporovaným riadením a dohľadom. Študijná komisia CCITT XVIII – 1986 – USA/SONET – vzťahuje sa na americkú PDH hierarchiu. Používa ako prvý hierarchický stupeň – 51,84 Mbit/s. CCITT – 1990 – revidovanie doporučení G.707, G.708, G.709 – pre SDH. SDH – ako sústava veľkokapacitných digitálnych prenosových prostriedkov s optickými digitálnymi linkami, pre výstavbu pružných, programovo riadených integrovaných digitálnych prenosových sietí. Základný synchrónny skupinový signál – 155,520 Mbit/s (STM-1). SDH muldexy umožňujú na rozdiel od PDH muldexov priamy prístup k združovaným PDH príspevkovým signálom.

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.3 SONET & SDH SONET - Synchronous Optical NETwork –ANSI/Bellcore standard SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy –ITU (European) standard Obidva štandardy sú prakticky identické

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.4 Prekladanie po bytoch – bytová štruktúra (každý byte – 64 kbps kanál) V prípade SDH sú PDH prítokové toky informácie zabalené do kontajnerov (C) štandardizovanej kapacity (mapping) – použitý obojstranný stuffing. Ku každému kontajneru je pridaná potrebná informácia o kontajneri (POH – Path Overhead, záhlavie cesty), čím vzniká tzv. virtuálny kontajner VC. Podľa multiplexnej schémy sú VC umiestnené do základného rámca STM-1 (Synchronnous Transfer Module). Súčasťou tohto procesu je aj umiestnenie označenia začiatkov VC v rámci STM-1 a pridanie informačných bajtov o prenosovej sekcii medzi dvomi terminálmi (SOH – Section Overhead, záhlavie sekcie). SDH vďaka uvedenej skladbe rámca umožňuje v mieste sieťových prvkov priamy prístup k zvolenému kontajneru bez kompletného multiplexovania a demultiplexovania, ako to je pri PDH systémoch. Možnosť začleňovať do SDH nielen PDH, ale aj IP, ATM. Dostatočná kapacita v záhlavi umožňuje prenos informácie pre monitorovanie, diagnostiku a riadenie.

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.5 Prenosová trasa

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.6 SDH Frame Structure A single SDH frame is called a Synchronous Transmission Module (STM-1). Transmitted over a duration of 125 μs, the frame consists of 2430 octets organized as 9 rows of 270 octets each. A single octet in an SDH frame represents a 64 kbps channel (8 bits every 125 μs), several octets can be aggregated to form containers for larger data rates. SDH Section Overhead (SOH) A relatively large number of 72 octets in an STM-1 frame have been reserved for various management and monitoring purposes. This so-called section overhead (SOH) is further divided into a regenerator section overhead (RSOH) and multiplex section overhead (MSOH). Administrative Unit (AU-4) and Virtual Container (VC-4) The actual payload carried in an STM-1 frame is encapsulated in an administrative unit (AU-4). The AU-4 consists of a VC-4 virtual container comprising 261 columns plus a 9 octet wide AU-4 pointer that points to the first octet of the VC-4 payload container. AU-4 Pointer The SDH pointer mechanism is a very elegant way of multiplexing multiple data containers without the need to align the containers to a common frame start. Thus the frame buffers in SDH multiplexing equipment can be kept small and the transmission delay due to buffering is minimized. The VC-4 container is allowed to float freely within the AU-4. The H1 and H2 pointer bytes form a word with a range of 0 to 782 which indicates the offset, in three byte increments, between the pointer and the first byte of the VC-4. If the offset has the value 0 then the J1 byte of the VC-4 follows immediately after the H3 bytes of the AU-4 pointer

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.7

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.8 Rámec STM-1 Plávajúci VC a) Čo to znamená b) Ako vzniká plávanie VC

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.9

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Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.11

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.12 Multiplexná schéma Prítokové PDH signály EU

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.13 SONET/SDH Hierarchy STS - Synchronous Transport Signals –51.84Mbps - base level of SONET hierarchy STM - Synchronous Transport Module –155.52Mbps - base level of SDH hierarchy –Exactly equal to STS-3

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.14 Synchronizácia

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.15 SDH prvky SONET/SDH terminal - a mux/demux that creates a SONET signal and terminates paths. SONET/SDH ADM (Add/Drop Multiplexer) - a mux/demux that can separate individual STS-n signals from a higher level signal. SONET/SDH repeater- a physical level regenerator that also terminates section level overhead to allow section level management. SONET/SDH DCS (Cross-Conect)

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.16

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.17

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.18 The CN 3600 Intelligent Optical Multiservice Switch is an advanced Next-Generation SONET/SDH Multiservice Provisioning Platform with industry-leading integrated Digital Cross-connect System (DCS) capabilities.

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.19 SONET/SDH Add/Drop Multiplexer (SADM) Card provides full OC-3/12 or STM-1/4 support for use with the CN 2600 Multiservice Edge Aggregator. This card grooms up to four OC-3/STM-1 or OC-12/STM-4 services onto a single OC-48/STM-16 framed wavelength.

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.20 SURPASS hiT 7050 represents a true multiservice network element that can be deployed as a terminal multiplexer (TMX), an add-drop multiplexer (ADM) and a small local cross-connect (LXC) in point-to-point, chain and ring topologies and ring interconnections. It is the best choice for applications with uplink capacity ranging from STM-1 to STM-16.

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.21 Manažment SDH Monitorovanie Je to pasívna činnosť. Hlavným problémom je prezentovať stav siete. Riadenie Je to aktívna činnosť. Vzťahuje sa k narastajúcej potrebe flexibilnosti siete. Manažment siete Je nezávislý od manažmentu služieb. Rozdielny manažment prístupovej a transportnej siete Manažment služieb Rôzne typy služieb.

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc Základy manažmentu siete (network management) Čo je network management Network management znamená rôzne veci pre rôznych ľudí. V niektorých prípadoch zahrňa iba jednoduché monitorovanie aktivít siete samostatným sieťovým konzultanton pomocou protokolového analyzátora. V iných prípadoch network mangement zahŕňa distribuovanú databázu, pracovné stanice generujúce grafické zobrazenia topológie siete a prevádzky, resp. ich zmien v reálnom čase. Vo všeobecnosti network mangement je služba, ktorá zahŕňa celú paletu prostriedkov, aplikácií a zariadení za účelom pomoci sieťovým manažérom v monitorovaní a udržiavaní sietí. Network management architektúra (NMA) Väčšina NMA používa tú istú základnú štruktúru a množinu vzťahov. Koncové stanice (managed devices) bežia pod SW, ktorý im umožní vyslať poplachový signál v prípade, keď sa očakávajú alebo sa už vyskytli problémy. Na základe prijatia takýchto poplachových signálov, manažment entity sú programované k reakcii a k vykonaniu jednej, niekoľkých alebo skupiny úkonov (akcií). Manažment entity môžu tiež vyzvať koncové stanice ku kontrole hodnôt niektorých premenných. Výzva môže byť automatická alebo iniciovaná užívateľom avšak agenti v manažovaných zariadeniach odpovedajú na každú výzvu. Agenti sú SW moduly, ktoré najprv kompilujú informáciu o manažovanom zariadení v ktorom sú umiestnené, potom uložia túto informáciu v manažment databáze a nakoniec ju poskytnú manažment entitám prostredníctvom systému manažmentu siete pomocou niektorého sieťového protokolu (napr. SNMP, CMIP). Manažment proxis sú entity ktoré poskytujú manažment informáciu v mene inej entity. Obrázok zobrazuje typickú network management architektúru. ISO Network Management Model Tento model pozostáva z piatich konceptuálnych oblastí:  Performance management  Configuration management  Accounting management  Fault management  Security mangement

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.23 When the public telephone network was first deployed, the entire network was designed with one service in mind – voice. Detecting the source of a problem in the network was a crude task at best. The process relied quite heavily on having end-users complain repeatedly before network administrators set into motion a tedious troubleshooting procedure. As the public telephone networks grew, preventative maintenance and planning for network growth became a significant concern. A reduction in the time required to change a network’s configuration was also enabled in the public telephone network by the deployment of equipment that is remotely configurable through a Network Management System, in contrast to previous generation of equipment that required local configuration.

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Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.27 Funkcie manažmentu Configuration management Fault management Performance management Security management Accounting management

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Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.29 Business Telecommunications Networks Enterprise Collaboration Systems Electronic Commerce Systems Internal Business Systems t Electronic Mail t Voice Mail t Discussion Foums t Data Conferencing t Videoconferencing t Electronic Meeting Systems t Electronic Banking t Interactive Markwting t Supply Chain Managmnt t Electronic Data Interchange t Electronic Funds Transfer t Process Control t Intranet Web Publishing t Workflow Systems t Management Support Systems t Activity Monitoring t The Internet t Intranets t Extranets t Client/Server Networks t Other Networks

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.30

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.31 There are many applications and services which may be offered within ITS. To limit the discussion, Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS), Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), and Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) will be used.

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.32 Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS), Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)

Prof. Ing. Anton Čižmár, CSc.33 The layered architecture is particularly important because it allows Department of Transportation officials to support different vendor technologies. Referring to previous figure the layered architecture isolates each sub-system. These sub-systems can be differentiated based on geographical area, function, technology, or even by vendor. The network element layer (directly above the subsystem layer) allows each sub-system to have its own element manager with a proxy (interpreter) that interfaces with the standard, higher layer NMS platform. The platform can then serve as the collection point and integrates all the information provided from the field elements for the various Network Management applications (e.g. fault management, configuration management, etc.) or ITS functions (e.g. ETC, ATIS, etc.). A well defined architecture is crucial to an ATMS network because it provides the direction for growing the various components of the system and allows the ITS network operator to adopt multi-vendor solutions.

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