2/6/15 Warm up Why was the city of Constantinople so important after the fall of the Western Roman Empire? ACT word of the day: collaborate (verb)To work together, usually in a professional context.

Main Idea The Byzantine Empire, once the eastern half of the Roman Empire, was held together for centuries by strong leaders, profitable trade, and the influence of Christianity.

Constantinople—Greek for “The City of Constantine”—became the capital of the Roman Empire under Emperor Constantine I. A New Rome Constantinople seat of Eastern Roman Empire Became known as Byzantine Empire Remained capital of Eastern Empire long after Rome fell Even before fall of Rome, Constantinople larger, richer city than Rome Location Location on Bosporus Strait helped control trade between Asia, Europe Also helped guard city from attack – Sea protected city on two sides – Heavily fortified walls protected landward side

Reclaiming Western Empire Claim to Empire Western part of empire still claimed by eastern emperors Byzantine emperor Justinian I wanted to restore original Roman Empire Military Action Military action needed to accomplish Justinian’s goal First had to reconquer North African territories taken by Germanic tribe, Vandals

Belisarius 533, Justinian sent ships, troops to northern Africa Troops led by top general, Belisarius Successes By 534, fleet had recaptured African region, absorbed back into Roman Empire 535, Belisarius led troops to Italy to retake that region

Rebellion at Home Facing Problems Justinian, wife Theodora served as co-rulers of empire At home, faced threat from rebels Many resented Justinian’s efforts to reform empire’s administration Rebellion Quelled Two factions led revolt: Greens representing lower classes, Blues upper classes Constantinople in flames, Justinian prepared to flee Theodora stood firm, refused to flee, back down, convinced Justinian to do same Belisarius attacked rioters, slaughtered them by thousands

Assignments Assignment “A” Johnathan Keilani An Priscilla Blake Cairo Judith Nathanial Brianna Mathew Assignment “B” Brandyn Yahira Michelle Carlos Elizabeth Mia Brian Akaya Patience

Assignments Assignment “A” Page 346 Analyze Christian areas in 325 vs Compare to modern maps and list modern countries that would have been Christian in 1000 CE. How did Christianity spread? Why did it to these areas and not to others? Assignment “B” In pairs, read pages about the rule of Justinian and Theodora. Develop a summary using standard English. Write 2 journal entries from your summary describing events during the reign of Justinian from either his POV or his wife’s.

WARM UP 2/10/15 What were some of the issues that lead to the split in the Christian Church? How did the Byzantine Empire “protect” Western Europe? ACT word of the day- enmity (noun)Strong hatred.

Achievements rebuilt city with new monuments after rebellion Most important new building, church, Hagia Sophia, “Holy Wisdom” Spectacular blend of domes, arches; building still stands

What are some notable changes?

Justinian’s Code Justinian set up commission that codified and arranged the empire’s existing laws and legal opinions into clear system Corpus Juris Civilis: reorganized and simplified Roman laws that dated to the founding of Rome to the time of Justinian.

Changes after Justinian Justinian’s achievements are many, but did not last – Died 565, left government nearly bankrupt from expenses of taking back empire’s territory – Had expanded empire beyond what government could effectively administer – Western provinces fell to migrating tribes after his death

Reign of Heraclius began 610 – Defeated Persians on eastern border – Settled Croats, Serbs within Balkan frontiers to west to act as buffers against new invaders – Croats, Serbs converted to Christianity, extending Byzantine influence into region

Byzantine Culture The Role of the Emperor Emperor, priest-king, considered deputy of Jesus Christ on earth, his co-ruler Emperor responsible for both civil, religious law

Changing Culture People of Constantinople referred to selves as Roman, but Greek cultural influences grew stronger Greek is the official language, replacing Latin

Religious Conflicts The controversy involved the use of icons— paintings or sculptures of sacred figures. Churches contained beautiful icons Some Christians objected to their presence, believed use too close to non- Christian worship of idols People called iconoclasts, “icon breaker”

726, Emperor Leo III forbade use of icons, ordered destruction Iconoclast movement unpopular with many in church hierarchy Since few could read, clergy found sacred images useful for teaching

Reaction against iconoclasm raged on and off until 843 when a council settled the issue by accepting icons. The dispute played a crucial role in the growing divide between the emperor in Constantinople and the pope in Rome.

The Church Splits Growing Divisions Over time, number of issues that divided eastern, western churches grew Use of Greek one difference; theological differences also emerged Eastern church allowed clergy to marry, western church did not

Church Governance Pope in Rome, patriarchs in Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem were church leaders; emperor oversaw church law, did not govern church Byzantines did not accept pope as supreme authority over religious issues

Schism 1054, differences became so large, a schism, split, occurred between churches Church in east became Orthodox Church, west remained Roman Catholic Later hurt Byzantine Empire, could not rely on western help against invaders

2/12/15 What lead to the fall of the Byzantine Empire?

The Empire Declines As far back as the reign of Heraclius, Muslims had threatened the empire. Over time, Islam, pressure from migrating tribes, and internal conflict and corruption brought about the Byzantine Empire’s fall.

Internal Weaknesses Constantinople government composed of well-educated, cultured aristocrats Supported emperors who restrained military, used energies to make Constantinople center of culture, learning

Focus on culture came at a cost Members of military saw things differently

Continuing strife between the military and the Constantinople government weakened the empire, making it vulnerable to challengers from the outside

Byzantine Legacy 1453, Constantinople fell to Ottoman Turks Turks renamed city Istanbul; Hagia Sophia became mosque Ottomans had gained important seat of power, spread influence into Greece, Balkans Byzantine legacy: preservation of ancient Greco-Roman heritage; buffer between Christian West, Muslim East

Identifying Cause and Effect What was the connection between the rise of Islam and the fall of the Byzantine Empire?

As Islam spread and gained followers, Muslim invaders threatened the Byzantines.

Home work

Assignments Assignment “A” Johnathan Keilani An Priscilla Blake Cairo Judith Nathanial Brianna Mathew Assignment “B” Brandyn Yahira Michelle Carlos Elizabeth Mia Brian Akaya Patience

Assignments Assignment A Art, architecture, religion and society were all intermixed in Byzantine empire. In the US, religion and government are separated by law. Small groups will create a mosaic representing the importance of education in the US in similar fashion to that of the Byzantine mosaic tiles as a means to communicate thoughts, ideas and central message to a population that may be illiterate. Assignment B You will review the info in text/notes concerning the split in East/Western Christianity (page 350). Small groups, you will discuss differences and similarities. Students will create a Venn diagram, detailed and thorough in your notebooks.