Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire Chapter 9 Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire

New Germanic Kingdoms Germanic peoples begun to move into the lands of the Roman Empire by 3rd ce By 500 Western Roman Empire replaced by many states ruled by German kings Spain, Italy, Britain (Anglo- Saxons)

Kingdom of the Franks Kingdom of the Franks one of the longest-lasting in Europe Established by Clovis in 500 and became first Germanic ruler to convert to Christianity Conversion won him support of Roman Catholic Church By 510 established kingdom that stretched from Spain to Western Germany- strong military ruler Unified the Franks as a people but after his death his sons divided the kingdom into three major areas

Germanic Society Family very important- worked together on land and provided protection to one another Germanic law was more personal so an injury by one person against another could last in a long and bloody feud Wergild created to prevent this- “money for a man”: amount paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person injured or killed Value according to social status Determining guilt was done by the ‘ordeal’- based on idea of divine intervention Believed that an innocent person would not be harmed in a physical punishment so if they were unharmed they were presumed innocent (hot iron)

Organization of the Church By 4th ce developed a system of organization Priests- parish- bishop- dioceses- arch bishop Position of the pope created during this time Gregory I strengthened power of the papacy and became leader of surrounding territories thus giving him political power as well Also active in converting non-Christians through use of monks and monasteries

Monks and Monasteries Monk- a man who separates himself from ordinary society to dedicate himself to God 6th ce Saint Benedict wrote set of rules to guide monks- activities each day focused on individual and group prayer and manual labor Lived in monasteries and owned lands that enabled them to be self- sustaining and isolated from the world Monks became new Christian heroes- set highest ideal of Christian life and moral example to all Provided schools, hospitals and taught carpentry and weaving to peasants English and Irish monks became missionaries- to convert people Nuns also began to dedicate themselves to God- lived in convents

The Carolingian Empire Charlemagne (Charles the Great)- intelligent, decisive, fierce warrior and a religious Christian Expanded Frankish kingdom and created Carolingian empire Nobles acted as local representatives to the king but to limit their power Charlemagne sent out missi dominici (messengers of the lord king) to ensure they were carrying out the king’s wishes 800 he became emperor of the Romans Becoming king symbolized the idea of an enduring Roman empire and the joining of Roman, Christian and Germanic elements

Carolingian Renaissance Charlemagne had strong desire to promote learning in his kingdom Led to the Carolingian Renaissance- renewed interest in Latin culture and classical works Monasteries played an important role in the rebirth They began copying manuscripts such as the Bible and classical Latin authors Played important role in the preservation of ancient legacy- many works today were copied by Carolingian monks

Carolingian Manuscripts

End of the Carolingian Empire The death of Charlemagne left a hole in leadership and the empire vulnerable Frankish tradition of dividing an estate among surviving heirs also weakened empire Divided among grandsons: west Frankish lands, eastern Frankish lands and the Middle Kingdom Local nobles gained power while Carolingian rulers fought each other Invasions throughout the empire added to disintegration

Invasions Muslims- southern coasts of Europe (France) Magyars, from western Asia, moved into central Europe- settled in Hungary and invaded western Europe Most far-reaching attacks came from Vikings of Scandinavia Great love of adventure and treasures often led to invasions Strong warriors and superb shipbuilders and sailors Each ship could carry about 50 men and could sail up European rivers and attack places far inland 911 Frankish ruler gave them land at mouth of Seine River (Normandy, France) Allowing Vikings to settle and converting them to Christianity was deliberate plan- soon became part of European civilization

England in the High Middle Ages 1066 William of Normandy defeated King Harold and was name king of England Ruling class spoke French but mixture with Anglo-Saxon nobility gradually merged the two into a new English language William more fully developed the system of taxation and royal courts begun by earlier Anglo-Saxon kings Also first king to take census in Europe since Roman times

Henry II and the Church Power of English monarchy enlarged during reign of Henry II (1154-1189) Expanded power of the king by expanding power of royal courts Because royal courts now found throughout England, common law created and replaced law codes that varied place to place Henry less successful at taking on the church- Archbishop Thomas a Becket not willing to let him punish clergy in royal courts Thomas then killed by 4 knights working for Henry

Magna Carta Gave written recognition to the fact that feudal custom had recognized that the relationship between a king and vassals was based on mutual rights and obligations Also stated that monarch’s power was limited- not absolute In 13th ce the English Parliament was formed 2 knights from every county, 2 people from every town and all nobles and bishops throughout England

France in the Middle Ages In 987 West Frankish nobles made Hugh Capetian king- therefore establishing Capetian dynasty of French kings Called kings but had little real power Philip II Augustus (1180-1223) was turning point in French monarchy by expanding its income and power By 1300 many kings made France largest and best governed monarchy in Europe French parliament created with people from all three estates of society- clergy, nobles and peasants 1302 began first French parliament

France in the Middle Ages In 987 West Frankish nobles made Hugh Capetian king- therefore establishing Capetian dynasty of French kings Called kings but had little real power Philip II Augustus (1180-1223) was turning point in French monarchy by expanding its income and power By 1300 many kings made France largest and best governed monarchy in Europe French parliament created with people from all three estates of society- clergy, nobles and peasants 1302 began first French parliament

Reign of Justinian Became emperor of Eastern Roman Empire with goal of reestablishing Roman Empire in the entire Mediterranean world 522 established goal: Italy, Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine- but after Justinian’s death Lombards conquered much of Italy and other areas soon lost Most important contribution: codification of Roman law Simplified legal materials into ‘The Body of Civil Law’- became basis for much of Europe’s legal system

Byzantine Empire Consisted of eastern Balkans and Asia Minor Greek and Christian state- Greek the official language Christian church of the empire became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church Emperor seen as chosen by God-crowned in sacred ceremonies and had absolute power Controlled church and state

Life in Constantinople Rebuilt by Emperor Justinian Largest city in Europe during Middle Ages Public works projects included roads, bridges, walls, public baths, law courts, schools, churches and underground reservoirs Greatest achievement was Hagia Sophia- Church of the Holy Wisdom Art, architecture and education important to the Byzantines City was Europe’s greatest center of commerce- exchange between East and West The demand for silk cloth made it the city’s most lucrative product

Macedonian Emperors & Religious Issues Expanded the Byzantine Empire and trade with western Europe- renewed prosperity to Constantinople New dynasty restored much of the empire’s power but poor successors undid most of the gains made Power struggles between wealthy families and army leaders led to disorder in the late 11th ce Relations with the Catholic Church grew worse because Eastern Orthodox did not accept the pope as the head of Christianity Both Byzantine and Roman popes excommunicated each other- causing a schism (separation) between the two branches of Christianity

Foundations of the Crusades Series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims Byzantine emperor asked for help from Europe when the Seljuk Turks began taking control of parts of the empire The pope responded and saw an opportunity to provide leadership for this great cause Warriors of western Europe formed the first crusading armies Motivated by promise of salvation, religious enthusiasm, wealth and new trade opportunities

First & Second Crusade Three organized bands of mostly French warriors headed East June 1099 reach Jerusalem- took the city amid horrible massacre of the citizens Over time 4 Latin crusader states developed in the East and depended on Italian kingdoms for supplies In 1140s Muslims began to strike back and one of the Latin kingdoms fell This called for another crusade with the help of King Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany However the Second Crusade was a total failure

Third Crusade When Jerusalem fell to the Muslims 3 leaders agreed to lead a Third Crusade: Frederick Barbarossa (Germany), Richard I (England) and Phillip II Augustus (France) When they arrived in the East they faced many problems: Frederick drowned and they arrived by sea but were unable to move past costal cities Eventually an agreement was negotiated between Richard and Saladin that permitted Christians pilgrims free access to Jerusalem

Fourth & Children’s Crusade After Saladin’s death Pope Innocent III initiated the Fourth Crusade Venetian leaders of the Crusade used the situation to weaken the Byzantine Empire – in 1204 they sacked Constantinople Further added to division between Orthodox Church and Catholics Byzantine empire was now small and never regained its strength Despite failures the Crusades continued- in 1212 a young man named Nicholas of Cologne announced that God inspired him to lead a “Children’s Crusade” Thousands marched with him to Italy but the Pope told them to leave In France 20,000 children boarded ships to the Holy Land- two ships drowned and the others took them to Africa to be sold into slavery