India-CERN Meeting in Mumbai (Visions for Future Collaborations) Steve Myers Director of Accelerators and Technology CERN

Indian Contributions to CERN 28th February 2011India CERN Mumbai2 In CERN we are sincerely grateful for these substantial contributions

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Total of 9 accelerators at CERN, 12 if you consider the 4 rings of the booster 28th February 20115India CERN Mumbai

p + C  (interactions)   , K   (decay in flight)      700 m 100 m 1000m 67 m CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso Task for CERN: produce intense  beam towards Gran Sasso 28th February 20116India CERN Mumbai

CERN to Gran Sasso : 732 km at depth up to 11.4 km 28th February 20117India CERN Mumbai

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Entering a New Era in Fundamental Science Start-up of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) (one of the largest and truly global scientific projects ever) is the most exciting turning point in particle physics. Exploration of a new energy frontier LHC ring: 27 km circumference CMS ALICE LHCb ATLAS 28th February 20119India CERN Mumbai

LHC: Some of the Technical Challenges Circumference (km) m underground Number of Dipoles1232 Cable Nb-Ti, cold mass 37million kg Length of Dipole (m)14.3 Dipole Field Strength (Tesla)8.4 Results from the high beam energy needed Operating Temperature (K)1.9 Superconducting magnets needed for the high magnetic field Super-fluid helium Current in dipole sc coils (A)13000 Results from the high magnetic field 1ppm resolution Beam Intensity (A) loss causes quench Beam Stored Energy (MJoules)362 Results from high beam energy and high beam current 1MJ melts 2kg Cu Magnet Stored Energy (MJoules)/octant 1100 Results from the high magnetic field Sector Powering Circuit different electrical circuits 28th February India CERN Mumbai

LHC: First collisions at 7 TeV on 30 March 2010 CMS ALICE LHCb 11

First Two Running Periods calculated Maximum reached is 10.7x10 30 cm -2 s -1 28th February India CERN Mumbai

Third Running Period Performance Improvement by a factor of 200,000 in 7 months: 28th February India CERN Mumbai

28/10/2010 (approaching 50pb-1) 28th February India CERN Mumbai

Peak Luminosity 2010 Goal 28th February India CERN Mumbai Update needed Goal for 2010

Chamonix th February 2011India CERN Mumbai16

Chamonix Sessions 1.Review of 2010 Operations 2.Shutdown 2012 (Part 1) 3.Shutdown 2012 (Part 2) 4.Beam Energy 5.High Intensity: Present and Future 6.Machine Protection in 2011 and beyond 7.Running in 2011 – Luminosity 8.High Luminosity (HL-LHC) 9.LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) 10.Summaries and Proposals for Decisions 1728th February 2011India CERN Mumbai

" (Proposals for) Decisions " Operation after 2011 – Impact of a delay in long shutdown (LS1) from 2012 to RP (ALARA,...), maintenance requirements, impact on future projects... Impact on the following long shutdown (LS2;2016) Performance in 2011 – Maximum safe beam energy – Luminosity (Peak and Integrated) Baseline still 1fb-1! Bunch spacing (electron cloud, bunch instabilities, scrubbing..) Intensity per bunch (Injectors, beam-beam effects, impedance and instabilities…) collimation, machine protection, UFOs, beta*, crossing angles,... SEU ; radiation to electronics ALICE and LHCb; how to operate at low luminosity 1828th February 2011India CERN Mumbai

Proposal BUT study – Maintenance and repairs needs for such a long running period ( ) Consider e.g. how CV/EL maintenance could be carried out during the Christmas in – Make a new 10 year plan including all shutdowns and technical stops (LMC + experiments) – Try to keep to a minimum the duration of the shutdown in 2013 Critical review (in June 2011) of the need for including cryo- collimation system in the LS1 shutdown or delay to LS2 Do physics in 2012! 1928th February 2011India CERN Mumbai

The Return for the Risk associated with energy increase 2028th February 2011India CERN Mumbai

(Probability) Maximum Safe Energy Probability per Year of burning an interconnect Remaining choice Going to 4TeV, 50s implies a significant increase in the risk of burning an interconnect 2128th February 2011India CERN Mumbai

(Impact) Maximum Safe Energy Electrical arc in an interconnect: – The present consolidation, up to 5 TeV, will suppress mechanical collateral damages in adjacent sub- sectors. – Nevertheless, mechanical damage of the MLI in the concerned sub-sector as well as contamination of the beam pipe(s) could require heavy repair work. – With the present consolidation status, a new incident will still have a big impact on the machine down time (8 to 12 months) – PLUS severe damage to CERN’s reputation 2228th February 2011India CERN Mumbai

Safety Integration Level (SIL) SILPFDPFD (power) TeV/50s 3.5TeV/50s LHC safety systems are designed for SIL4 (Beam dump, access safety,... To achieve a given SIL, the device must meet targets for the maximum (allowable) probability of dangerous failure PFD (Probability of Failure on Demand) for different SILs as defined in IEC EN are as follows: SIL2 is not acceptable. Return/Risk is not favourable 2328th February 2011India CERN Mumbai

Proposal Stay at 3.5TeV for 2011 Thermal amplifier to be developped during 2011 to allow measurements during Christmas shutdown for a deterministic decision on a possible energy increase for We should operate in 2011 with the "snubber" capacitors to reduce further the possible number of quenches (SIL4) Small performance benefit due to reduced need for luminosity calibration 2428th February 2011India CERN Mumbai

Estimated Peak and Integrated Luminosity days H.FComm with Fills with kbNb e11 mm  /IP L Hz/cm 2 Stored energy MJ L Int fb -1 4 TeV L Int fb TeV ns ~5.2e32~30~2.1~ ns ~1.3e33 ~1.6e33 ~1.8e33 ~75~3 ~3.8 ~4.2 ~2.7 ~3.3 ~ ns ~2e33~110~3.2~2.8  * = 1.5m Baseline is 2E32 Peak and 1fb-1 (integrated) (expectation management) But following 2010, we are confident we will do better Possible integrated Luminosity of 2-3 fb th February 2011India CERN Mumbai

“Old” 10 year technical Plan 28th February India CERN Mumbai

New Draft 10 year plan 28th February India CERN Mumbai

Luminosity Upgrade 28th February India CERN Mumbai

Luminosity Upgrade Scenario – For LHC high luminosities, the luminosity lifetime becomes comparable with the turn round time  Low efficiency – Preliminary estimates show that the useful integrated luminosity is greater with a peak luminosity of 5x10 34 cm -2 s -1 and a longer luminosity lifetime (by luminosity levelling) than with and a luminosity lifetime of a few hours – Luminosity Levelling by Beta*, crossing angle, crab cavities, and bunch length Detector physicists have indicated that their detector upgrades are significantly influenced by the choice between peak luminosities of 5x10 34 and Pile up events Radiation effects 28th February India CERN Mumbai

Hardware for the Upgrade New high field insertion quadrupoles Upgraded cryo system for IP1 and IP5 Upgrade of the intensity in the Injector Chain Crab Cavities to take advantage of the small beta* Single Event Upsets – SC links to allow power converters to be moved to surface Misc Upgrade some correctors Re-commissioning DS quads at higher gradient Change of New Q5/Q4 (larger aperture), with new stronger corrector orbit, displacements of few magnets Larger aperture D2 28th February India CERN Mumbai

First Thoughts on an Energy Upgrade 28th February India CERN Mumbai

Preliminary HE-LHC - parameters Very Long Term Objectives: Higher Energy LHC Very preliminary with large error bars 28th February India CERN Mumbai

HE-LHC – main issues and R&D high-field 20-T dipole magnets based on Nb 3 Sn, Nb 3 Al, and HTS high-gradient quadrupole magnets for arc and IR fast cycling SC magnets for 1-TeV injector emittance control in regime of strong SR damping and IBS cryogenic handling of SR heat load (first analysis; looks manageable) dynamic vacuum 28th February India CERN Mumbai

Thank You for your attention 28th February India CERN Mumbai

Help Needed for Splice Consolidation Opening and closing W (20 FTE’s) Repair, reinstall and tack PIM’s (2) Orbital machining of M sleeves and PIM’s (5) Electrical interconnections (3) TIG welding M sleeves and PIMs (9) QC welding (4) Special intervention team (9), for one-off unplanned or delicate work steps Other (5) 28th February 2011India CERN Mumbai35

Proposal While India may wish to take some of this effort, a contribution at the level of the full missing staff (57) would be highly visible, highly useful for CERN and for the whole HEP community. It would identify India as a highly desireable partner, in preparation of its accession to CERN as an associate state. CERN experience shows that the expertise of the Indian staff is excellent but we are unaware if the required number of qualified mechanics can be secured for the required period. 28th February 2011India CERN Mumbai36

Proposal (2) Other proposals for new collaboration topics that could be coupled ENERGY extraction absorbers for LHC magnets. Impedance calculations: for SPS and LHC components Magnets for HL-LHC: supports, correctors (Nb3Sn?), analysis of magnet behavior, … Contribution to the HiLumi design study in all aspects, together with US and Japan. two new Linac4 proposals: alignment jigs and RF couplers. There is, in addition a list of 13 items proposed by CLIC/CTF3 (fine mechanical and electronical parts, and instrumentation for active stabilization, warm magnets, vacuum chambers, beam dumps, accelerating structures and RF components). 28th February 2011India CERN Mumbai37