18 th Century Art in Europe and the Americas

 Grasp the essential intellectual thrusts of the Enlightenment.  Become familiar with the basic ideas underlying Neoclassicism and Romanticism.  See how Neoclassicism and Romanticism differ.  See what elements Neoclassicism and Romanticism share.

 Scientific Revolution (16 th )  Glorious Revolution (17 th )  Industrial Revolution (18 th )  American Revolution (18 th )  French Revolution (18 th & 19 th )

 Age of Reason  Reaches its height in mid-1700’s  Influenced by Scientific Revolution  Belief in progress  through reason, a better society was possible

John Locke Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, and The Pursuit of Property Montesquieu 3 Branches of Government Diderot Encylopedea Voltaire Civil Liberties Freedom of Religion Freedom of Speech ENLIGHTENMENT

 “Style of Louis XV”  Rococo = coquillage +rocaille (shells & stones)  Difference between Baroque & Rococo:  B: Theatrical, Grand-Scale, Dramatic  R: Intimate, Playful, Tender, Whimsical  Pastel Colors predominate art

 Rise of Rococo when Louis XIV dies  aristocracy leave Versailles  Build elegant town houses (hotels)  Designed for private living  “Age of Aristocrats”  Focus on interior layout & décor (decorative arts)  Concerned with intimate settings & individual styles  Spreads to aristocracy throughout Europe

 “14 Auxiliary Saints”  Complex arrangement of curved shapes  NO straight lines  Combination of painting, sculpture, and architecture

Church of the Vierzehnheiligen Johann Balthasar Neumann

 Jean-Antoine Watteau  Original Gangsta of French Rococo  Studied Rubens and Giorgione  Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera  Fete-Galante  Elegant outdoor entertainment

RUBENS

 Francois Boucher  Worked in Versailles  Best known for his mythological scenes  Goddess of love = Center  Giant Shell  Style similar to Rubens

Triumph of Venus Francois Boucher 1740

 Jean-Honore Fragonard  Commissioned by Madame du Barry  Louis XV’s last mistress  The Meeting  Secret Encounter  Entertaining Subject  Lush Painting

The Meeting Jean-Honore Fragonard

 French Portrait Painters moved towards naturalistic poses  Informal  Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun  Queen’s personal portrait painter  Meant to counter her image as selfish and extravagant

Portrait of Marie Antoinette Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun 1787

 William Hogarth  Believed art should contribute to the improvement of society  Moralizing tales  Marriage based on love rather than aristocratic intrigue  Couple on the couch

The Marriage Contract William Hogarth 1743

 Enlightenment Inspired  Industrial Revolution Inspired  Caravaggio Inspired  Really just inspired!!!

An Experiment Joseph Wright 1768

Sir Joshua Reynolds Miss Elizabeth Ingram Sir Joshua Reynolds Sir Joshua Reynolds was the most important and influential of 18th century English painters, specializing in portraits and promoting the "Grand Style" in painting which depended on idealization of the imperfect.

Sir Joshua Reynolds Portrait Of Richard Peers Symons ENGLISH NEOCLASSICAL

Mrs. Richard Brinsley Thomas Gainsborough English NEOCLASSICAL

Thomas Gainsborough The Blue Boy 1770 ENGLISH NEOCLASSICAL

Sir Joshua ReynoldsThomas Gainsborough

 Rococo V. Neoclassicism V. Romanticism  Sensuous Simple/Restrained Imagination/Emotions  Roughly 1750 to 1850  Art reflects “the glory that was Greece, and the grandeur that was Rome” (Poe)  Sought to revive the ideals of ancient Greek and Roman art  Reacted against the ornate, artificiality of the Rococo Period  Reflects reason & logic of Enlightenment  Inspired by Pompeii  1738

Jacques Louis David Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres Élisabeth Louise Vigée-Lebrun Adélaïde Labille-Guiard N E O C L A S S I C A L William Hogarth Sir Joshua Reynolds Thomas Gainsborough Benjamin West John Singleton Copley Gilbert Stuart AMERICAN ENGLISH FRENCH

 History Painting = Highest form of artistic endeavor  Exemplified “Good Mother”

Cornelia Pointing to Her Children as Her Treasures Angelica Kauffmann1785. NEOCLASSICAL

 Reaction against Rococo  Return to moral austerity  Inspired by Palladio’s Villa Rotunda  Ornate interior…Ironic???

Andrea Palladio Villa Rotonda, c1566. HIGH ITALIAN RENAISSANCE Richard Boyle (Lord Burlington) Chiswick House, c1729. ENGLISH NEOCLASSICAL

 Glorifies the British General James Wolfe  Died in a British Victory over the French  7 Years War  A Random Indian???

The Death of General Wolfe Benjamin West 1770

 Witnessed the fading fortunes of the Rococo  Denis Diderot considered first art critic  “To Inpire virtue and purify manners.”

 Jean-Simeon Chardin  Still Lifes and Domestic Scenes  Encourages benevolent exercise of authority and willing submission

 The Governess  Jean-Baptiste Chardin  1739

 Jean-Baptiste Greuz  Middle Class Drama  Drunken Father = Unhappy Family

Drunken Cobbler Jean-Baptiste Greuze

 Jacques-Louis David  Studied antique sculpture  Assimilated Principle of NEOclassicism  Inspired by a 17 th century drama Horace  Based on ancient Roman historical texts  3 Sons of Horace = Rome  Emotional chicks in the background  Became an emblem of the French Revolution

Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii, 1787.

 Jacobin Leader  Radical Journalist  Suffered skin ailment  Stabbed by Charlotte Corday  Displays quiet aftermath of the death  Desk = Tombstone  Martyr

Jacques-Louis David Death of Marat N E O C L A S S I C A L

Jacques-Louis David Coronation of Napoleon & Josephine of 2 Dec 1804,

Palace of Versailles, France

Coronation at Louvre (Original) Coronation at Palace of Versailles

Coronation at Louvre (Original) Coronation at Palace of Versailles

Jacques-Louis David Napoleon Crossing St. Bernard N E O C L A S S I C A L

Jacques-Louis David Napoleon in His Study N E O C L A S S I C A L

Cupid and Psyche Antonio Canova 1787

 Jean-Antoine Houdon  Naturalism  Carved busts and full-length statues of many important figures of his era  Commissioned by Virginia Legislature  Thirteen Rods = Colonies

 George Washington  Jean-Antoine Houdin  1788

 Thomas Jefferson = Architect  Based on Ancient Roman Temples  Charlottesville, VA  Embodies NEOClassical Stizzzyle

Thomas Jefferson, Monticello Charlottesville, VA, AMERICAN NEOCLASSICAL

 John Singleton Copley  Wealthy Clientele  Commissioned by Brook Watson  Wealthy London Merchant  Pyramidal

John Singleton Copley Samuel Adams, 1772.