Back to basics Food chain: a representation of the passage of energy across trophic levels (from primary producers through consumers) Trophic level: trophic.

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Presentation transcript:

Back to basics Food chain: a representation of the passage of energy across trophic levels (from primary producers through consumers) Trophic level: trophic position in the food chain Food web: a representation of the passage of energy through populations within a community; emphasizes biodiversity

Food chain

Smaller toothed whales Food web Humans Baleen whales Crab-eater seals Birds Fishes Squids Leopard seals Elephant Smaller toothed whales Sperm whales Carnivorous plankton Euphausids (krill) Copepods Phyto- plankton

Secondary production Definition Secondary producers have dual roles as producers and consumers

Ecological efficiency or food chain efficiency Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next Typically between 5-20% Another way of looking at it is, at each step in the food chain, 80-95% of energy is lost

Components of energy transfer between trophic levels Energy from lower trophic level Energy not used Gross energy intake Egested energy Digested energy Urinary waste Assimilated energy Resting energy Activity Growth Reproduction Maintenance or respiration Production

Assimilation = Production = Elephant dung Reproduction Egested energy

Assimilation efficiency = Elephant dung Reproduction Egested energy Ranges from 15-90% Variability due to: Differences between herbivores/carnivores/decomposers – what are they?

Net production efficiency= Reproduction Egested energy Ranges from 1-6% in homeotherms Up to 75% in ectothermic poikilotherms

Gross production efficiency= Reproduction Egested energy Ranges from 1-5% in homeotherms 5-15% for insects Some aquatic animals exceed 30%

Exploitation efficiency When production and consumption are not balanced  energy accumulates in ecosystem Exploitation efficiency is the proportion of production on one trophic level that is consumed by organisms in next higher level Ecological = gross production x exploitation efficiency efficiency efficiency

Energy moves through ecosystems at different rates Residence time Biomass accumulation ratio Detritus and residence time Differences between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems

Detritus food chains

Energy as currency Aids in comparing ecosystems Helps define connections across ecosystems Helps define generalities in energy flow

Biotic effects on energy flow