Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Frederic H. Martini PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Chapter 16, part 1 Neural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher Order Functions

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Compare the organization of the autonomic nervous system with the somatic nervous system. Describe the structures and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS. Describe the mechanisms of neurotransmitter release in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Describe the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmitters on target organs and tissues.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Describe the hierarchy of interacting levels of control in the ANS Explain how memories are created, stored and recalled. Summarize the effects of aging on the nervous system.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 16-1 An Overview of the ANS

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive functions Preganglionic neurons in the CNS send axons to synapse on ganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS ANS

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Divisions of the ANS Sympathetic division (thoracolumbar, “fight or flight”) Thoracic and lumbar segments Parasympathetic division (craniosacral, “rest and repose”) Preganglionic fibers leaving the brain and sacral segments

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 16-2 The Sympathetic Division

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Preganglionic neurons between segments T1 and L2 Ganglionic neurons in ganglia near vertebral column Specialized neurons in adrenal glands Sympathetic division anatomy

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.3 The Organization of the Sympathetic Division of the ANS Figure 16.3

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia) Collateral ganglia (prevertebral ganglia) Sympathetic ganglia

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.4 Sympathetic Pathways Figure 16.4a

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.4 Sympathetic Pathways Figure 16.4b

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.4 Sympathetic Pathways Figure 16.4c

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Segments T1-L2, ventral roots give rise to myelinated white ramus Leads to sympathetic chain ganglia Organization and anatomy of the sympathetic division

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.5 Animation: The sympathetic division PLAY Figure 16.5 The Distribution of Sympathetic Innervation

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rejoin spinal nerves and reach their destination by way of the dorsal and ventral rami Those targeting structures in the thoracic cavity form sympathetic nerves Go directly to their destination Postganglionic fibers

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic innervation via preganglionic fibers that synapse within collateral ganglia Splanchic nerves Abdominopelvic viscera

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Celiac ganglion Innervates stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen Superior mesenteric ganglion Innervates small intestine and initial portion of large intestine Inferior mesenteric ganglion Innervates kidney, urinary bladder, sex organs, and final portion of large intestine Abdominopelvic viscera

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings In crises, the entire sympathetic division responds Sympathetic activation Affects include increased alertness, energy and euphoria, increased cardiovascular and respiratory activities, elevation in muscle tone, mobilization of energy resources Sympathetic activation

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stimulation of sympathetic division has two distinct results Release of ACh or NE at specific locations Secretion of E and NE into general circulation Most postganglionic fibers are adrenergic, a few are cholinergic or nitroxidergic Two types of receptors are alpha receptors and beta receptors Sympathetic ganglionic neurons end in telodendria studded with varicosities filled with neurotransmitter Neurotransmitters and sympathetic function

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.6 Sympathetic Variosities Figure 16.6