Experiments
Neurotransmitters
Developmental Stages
The Senses
Classical Conditioning
Defense Mechanisms
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Experiment in which Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning
Salivating dogs
John Watson and Rosalie Rayner’s famous classical conditioning experiment
Little Albert
Conducted by Albert Bandura; Observational learning
Bobo doll and aggression
Experiment used to show depth perception in infants
Visual cliff
Studied the effects of nature and nurture on twins
Minnesota Twin Study
Too much of this neurotransmitter is associated with schizophrenia
Dopamine
Memory, attention, release by motor neurons
ACh (acetylcholine)
The body’s natural painkillers
Endorphins
Helps control alertness and arousal
Norepinephrine
An inhibitory neurotransmitter; Low levels are associated with anxiety
GABA
1 st of Piaget’s cognitive stages; Infant is concerned with its surroundings
Sensorimotor
Major challenge of adolescence according to Erikson’s psychosocial stages
Identity v. Role Confusion
Piaget’s stage that is characterized by egocentrism
Preoperational
Kohlberg’s moral reasoning stage where morality focuses on rewards and punishments
Preconventional Moral Reasoning
Mastery of conservation occurs during this cognitive stage
Concrete Operational
Receptor cells for sight
Rods and Cones
Your sense of position and movement of the body parts
Kinesthetic sense
Location of receptor cells for smell
Olfactory Bulb
Located in the inner ear; Provides sense of position of the head relative to ground
Vestibular Sense
The five “things” we taste
Salty, Sweet, Sour, Bitter, and Umami
A stimulus that triggers a response automatically and reflexively
Unconditioned Stimulus
The process of developing a learned response
Acquisiton
A stimulus, that through learning has gained the power to cause a conditioned response
Conditioned Stimulus
The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response
Spontaneous Recovery
Elements of Pavlov’s experiment
US: FoodCS: Bell UR: Salivating CR: Salivating
Outright refusal to admit or recognize the obvious truth
Denial
Reverting back to an infantile stage
Regression
Taking our own unacceptable qualities/feelings an attributing them to another
Projection
Taking our frustrations out on another
Displacement
Converting unacceptable impulses into a more acceptable form
Sublimation