Sexual Reproduction in Animals Male and female reproductive system

1.1 Female reproductive system External genitals Internal reproductive organs

1.1.2a Female internal reproductive organs 5) Fallopian tubes 4) Uterus 6) Ovary 6) Ovary 3) Cervix 2) Vagina

1.1.2b Female internal reproductive organs 4) Fallopian tube 3) Uterus 5) Ovary 6) Pubic bone 2) Cervix 1) Vagina

1.2.1 What is the function of the vagina? 10cm long, 2.5cm wide Thin walled passage leading from vulva to cervix Receives the penis during sexual intercourse At the end of pregnancy, it acts a birth canal

1.2.5 What is the function of the uterus / womb? Pear-shaped structure with thick muscular wall Accepts fertilised ovum which becomes implanted into the uterine lining Accommodates, nourishes and protects the embryo and foetus during pregnancy (7.5 cm in length, 5 cm in breadth, 2.5 cm in thickness)

1.2.6 What is the function of the oviduct / fallopian tubes? Muscular tube lined with cilia (hair-like structures) and mucus-secreting cells Helps to transfer ova from ovary into the uterus Site of fertilisation (normally)

1.2.7 What is the function of the ovaries? Consist of Graffian follicles which develop into female gametes Produce female sex hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone

Think about this What is ectopic pregnancy? Fertilized ovum is implanted Fallopian tube Cervix Ovaries Abdomen As the embryo implants and grows, the tube becomes stretched and inflamed, causing increasing pain in the pregnant woman. If left untreated, the affected Fallopian tube will likely burst, causing gynecologic hemorrhage and endangering the life of the woman. Only 2% of ectopic pregnancies occur outside of the fallopian tubes. About 1% of pregnancies are in an ectopic location. Causes Damaged cilia Blocked fallopian tube Excessive progesterone and oestrogen Age Smoking

Ectopic pregnancy

2.1 Male reproductive system External genitals Internal reproductive organs

2.2a Male internal reproductive organs 8) Seminal vesicle 7) Prostate gland 2) Erectile tissue 6) Cowper’s gland 1) Urethra 4) Epididymis 5) Vas deferens 3) Testis

2.3.1 What is the function of the penis? Latin word for ‘tail’ Muscular erectile organ Consists of spongy tissue containing blood spaces and blood vessels Introduces semen into the vagina of female during sexual intercourse

Does size matter?

2.3.2 What is the function of the scrotum? Pouch of skin containing the testes Found outside the main body cavity at a temperature slightly lower than body temperature, which is optimum for sperm production

The testis It is most common for one testicle to hang lower than the other. The percentage of people with a lower hanging right testicle or left testicle is about equal. This is primarily due to differences in the vascular anatomical structure on the right and left sides. It is thought that this is another evolutionary development that protects each testis from bouncing off the other.

2.3.3 What is the function of the testes? Testes (plural) / Testis (singular) Each consists of hundreds of tiny sperm tubules (seminiferous tubules) Produce sperm Produce male sex hormone testosterone

3.1 What is the difference between a sperm and an ovum?

3.2 Structure of sperm and ovum A) Nucleus 1) Head B) Cytoplasm 2) Plasma membrane 3) Cytoplasm 2) Middle piece C) Mitochondria 3) Tail 4) Nucleus 1) Protein coat 6) Chromosomes 5) Nucleolus

3.3 Number produced Sperm Ovum Millions of sperm released at each ejaculation Ovum Usually one ovum is released once in about 28 days

3.4 Size Sperm Much smaller than ovum Ovum Much larger than sperm

3.5 Size of nucleus and cytoplasm Sperm Small nucleus and little cytoplasm Ovum Large nucleus and abundance of cytoplasm

3.6 Mobility Sperm Ovum Mobile Energy produced by mitochondria Activity nourished by seminal fluid Ovum Immobile Moved along the oviduct by sweeping action of cilia and peristaltic contractions of walls of oviduct