1 CS457 Object-Oriented Databases Chapters as reference

2 Limitations to the relational model? Examples of applications that will not work well with the relational model?

3 Shortcomings of DB models for: CAD/CAM - keep track of 1000's of matching parts and subassemblies – relational inefficient for this – object versioning complex market-oriented operations (securities) geographical information systems CASE OA (office automation) multimedia databases WWW

4 Different because of: more complex structures for objects new data types for storing images, text, user defined types nonstandard application specific operations stored procedures (available in some RDBS, such as ORACLE)

5 OODB systems prototypes: ORION, IRIS, ENCORE, Commercial products: Postgres, ObjectStore, Versant, Objectivity/DB, O2, Itasca (commercial version of ORION), Gemstone/Opal, POET

6 OODB Some people felt the word object-oriented is too close to OOPL ODB is more generic

7 Different approaches to designing ODB 1. Applications written in extension of existing OOPL (1st generation OODB) language, compiler, execution environment, etc. extended to incorporate – DB functionality –store and manage objects created by OOPL Selling point - unified programming and DB language but need query optimization, etc. – Gemstone (Smalltalk), Poet (C++)

8 Designing cont’d 2. Extend relational DB to include OO features: OID, type hierarchy, inheritance, encapsulation, arbitrary data types, nested objects, etc. Already familiar with DBMS but performance decreased Postgres - extended Ingres, Oracle

9 Designing cont’d 3. Start entire process from scratch (next generation?) unify relational and OO system

10 Object Data Model Bring concepts of OOPL into DB systems – Object corresponds to real-world object – Object is data and behavior, object has attributes and operations – Data object has OID - immutable – Group data objects into classes - abstract mechanism, share same structure and behavior

11 ODM Class has: –instances –methods and data - encapsulation for information hiding - access only through methods –composite classes - composed of multiple types –nested objects - contains another object –complex objects - set of objects –class hierarachy (ISA) – specialization - define new classes from existing ones –inheritance of attributes and methods - reuse

12 ODM Completeness DBS needs to be computationally complete (Turing) SQL not computationally complete - unless embedded SQL - impedance mismatch, since sets connections with DML and OOPL in ODB more acceptable

13 ODM Add features such as: –concurrency –recovery –schema evolution –Versions – What about query language? – Performance?

14 ODM Object identity OID correspondence between real-world and database objects used to refer to objects in application programs and in references between objects (relationships) unique identity to each independent object

15 OID vs. primary key identity based vs. value-based unique over entire DB and even over distributed DB (if primary key changes, still same real-world object) immutable - values of OID for object should not change - OID not assigned to another object - not dependent on any attribute values - not use physical address system generated OID not visible to user

16 Swizzling All references in cached objects replaced with object's address pointer to other memory resident objects - swizzling saves OID lookup with subsequent references

17 ODM Encapsulation information and operations, structure and behavior implementation hidden define behavior of object using operations object accessible through predefined operations - methods method invoked by sending messages If query on attributes? SQL violates encapsulation

18 OSQL – Object SQL ODMG has provided standards for ODB just like relational databases. Result is OSQLOSQL

19 Implementation Issues: composite objects nested - no joins needed –path queries instead of joins pointer (OID) to nested object when bring in an object into memory, bring in nested objects as well replace OID with memory address (can't do this in relational) – eager and lazy swizzling fast access - memory resident

20 Placing objects on disk? clustering of objects – all of same class together – subclass follows superclass nested objects indexes for objects? (just like relations)

21 Additional topics schema evolution? views? Extended relational Now object-relational –Examine Oracle documentation to see how OO features included in 9i –Can create both tables and objects