Quantitative & Qualitative Approaches Harlina Nathania Lukman

Questions 1.What is quantitative research? 2.What is qualitative research? 3.How did quantitative and qualitative research develop? 4.What are the characteristics of quantitative research? 5.What are the characteristics of qualitative research? 6.What are the characteristics that distinguish and are similar for quantitative and qualitative research in each of the six steps of research? 7.What are the research designs used as procedures in quantitative, qualitative, or combined (or mixed) approaches? 8.How do you choose whether to use the quantitative or qualitative approach?

No. 1 Quantitative Research A type of educational research in which the researcher decides what to study, asks specific, narrow questions, collects numeric data from participants, analyzes these numbers using statistics, and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner.

No. 2 Qualitative Research A type of educational research in which the researcher relies on the views of participants, asks broad, general questions, collects data consisting largely of words from participants, describes and analyzes these words for themes, and conducts the inquiry in a subjective, biased manner.

No. 3 The Development of Quantitative & Qualitative Research The 20 th C began with one major approach to educational research – quantitative research – ended with 2 major approaches – quantitative & qualitative research. A Brief History of Quantitative Research Began in the late 19 th C Dominated educational inquiry for most of the 20 th C 3 Historical Trends Statistical procedures  relating ideas & comparing groups Test & measurement practices  testing mental ability, scoring Research designs  getting more complicated Comparing the performances of 2 groups More complicated designs involving multiple groups & multiple tests

A Brief History of Qualitative Research An alternative to the traditional form of quantitative research The ideas for qualitative research developed in the late 1800s & early 1900s in other fields besides education. 3 themes: Philosophical Ideas Procedural Developments Participatory & advocacy practices

No. 4 Characteristics of Quantitative Research An emphasis on collecting and analyzing information in the form of numbers. An emphasis on collecting and analyzing information in the form of numbers. An emphasis on collecting scores that measure distinct attributes of individuals and organizations. An emphasis on collecting scores that measure distinct attributes of individuals and organizations. An emphasis on the procedures of comparing groups or relating factors about individuals or groups in experiments, correlational studies, and surveys. An emphasis on the procedures of comparing groups or relating factors about individuals or groups in experiments, correlational studies, and surveys.

No. 5 Characteristics of Qualitative Research A recognition that as researchers we need to listen to the views of participants in our studies A recognition that as researchers we need to listen to the views of participants in our studies A recognition that we need to ask general, open questions and collect data in places where people live and work A recognition that we need to ask general, open questions and collect data in places where people live and work A recognition that research has a role in advocating for change and bettering the lives of individuals A recognition that research has a role in advocating for change and bettering the lives of individuals

Qualitative CharacteristicsSteps in the Process of Research Qualitative Characteristics Description & explanation oriented Identifying a Research Problem Explanatory & understanding oriented Major role Justification for the research problem & specification for the need for the study Reviewing the Literature Minor role Justification for the research problem Specific & narrow Measurable, observable data Specifying a Purpose General and broad Participants’ experiences Predetermined instruments Numeric (numbered) data Large number of individuals Collecting Data General, emerging form Text or image data Small number of individuals or sites Statistical analysis Description of trends, comparison of groups, or relationships among variables A comparison of results with predictions and past studies Analyzing and Interpreting Data Text analysis Description, analysis, & thematic development The larger meaning of findings Standard and fixed Objective and unbiased Reporting and Evaluating Research Flexible and emerging Reflexive and biased

No. 6 Similarities between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Both forms of research follow the six steps in the process of research Both forms of research follow the six steps in the process of research Research problem – both quantitative and qualitative research can be similar in the topics addresses, such as conveying a problem, pointing out the lack of literature on this problem, and justifying a need to study the problem. This does not mean that the type of problem is the same, only the format for reporting the problem Research problem – both quantitative and qualitative research can be similar in the topics addresses, such as conveying a problem, pointing out the lack of literature on this problem, and justifying a need to study the problem. This does not mean that the type of problem is the same, only the format for reporting the problem In both quantitative and qualitative research, you collect data using interviews, observations, and documents In both quantitative and qualitative research, you collect data using interviews, observations, and documents

No. 7 Research Designs Experimental Designs Experimental Designs Correlational Designs Correlational Designs Survey Designs Survey Designs Grounded Theory Designs Grounded Theory Designs Ethnographic Designs Ethnographic Designs Narrative Research Designs Narrative Research Designs Mixed Methods Designs Mixed Methods Designs Action Research Designs Action Research Designs

No. 8 3 Factors to Decide whether to Use Quantitative / Qualitative Match Your Approach to Your Research Problem Fit the Approach to Your Audience Relate the Approach to Your Experiences

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