Carboxylic acids R-COOH Nomenclature A) IUPAC A) IUPAC - نأخذ اسم alkane ونحذف حرف e ونستبدله بـ oic acid. Alkane alkanoic acid مع مراعاة ترقيم -COOH كرقم.

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Carboxylic acids R-COOH Nomenclature A) IUPAC A) IUPAC - نأخذ اسم alkane ونحذف حرف e ونستبدله بـ oic acid. Alkane alkanoic acid مع مراعاة ترقيم -COOH كرقم 1.

B) Common name - يمكن بدلاً من استخدام الترقيم الحروف اللاتينية α ، β ، γ ، δ

Nomeclature of some aromatic acids

Preparation of carboxylic acids (1) Oxidation of 1ry alcohols or aldehydes Oxidizing agent may KMnO4, K2Cr2O7

(2) From Grignard reagent (2) From Grignard reagent

(3Oxidation of alkyl benzene 4) Hydrolysis of nitriles Nitrile means compounds containing CN

- هذه الطريقة تصلح لزيادة عدد ذرات أى مركب ذرة كربون واحدة كالآتى : e.g. convert n-propanol to butanoic acid

(5)From olefins (alkenes) (6) From acetylenes (7) Haloform reaction

Reaction of carboxylic acids Reaction of carboxylic acids 1) Formation of salts 2) Formation of ester

3) Decarboxylation Q. convert toluene into 1,3,5 trinitrobenzene(TNB(

4) Reduction 5) Conversion of acid-to-acid chloride 5) Conversion of acid-to-acid chloride

7) Conversion of acid to amides 8) Kolb electrolysis

9) Substitution reactions of carboxylic acids IN aliphatic acid Hell-Volhard-Zeliniki reaction It occurs in aliphatic acid at α-position It occurs in aliphatic acid at α-position

Other example يمكن أن يتم نفس التفاعل مع Br2 1.B) Aromatic acid: – COOH is m-directing group.

10)Hunsdiecker reaction this is one way of shorting the carbon chain

Derivative of carboxylic acids (1) Acid halide Nomecalture Nomecalture - باستبدال حرف e من اسم alkane ب oyl halide Alkane alkanoyl halide - أو من اسم الحمض باستبدال ic ب yl chloride

Preparations 1-From acids

2- From Aldhydes Chemical reactions Chemical reactions

Reaction of acid chloride with R-MgX (2) Acid anhydride - التسمية تتم بذكر اسم الحمض متبوعاً بكلمة anhydride

1-From acid chloride Preparation 1-From acid chloride (2) From acetylene

(3) From ketene Chemical reactions Chemical reactions

(3) Amide التسمية تتم بذكر اسم alkane محذوفاً منه حرف e واستبداله بـ amide أو اسم الحمض محذوفاً منه oic واستبدالها ب amide

Preparation of amides (1) From acid chloride, anhydride, ester (2) From nitriles

2) Hofmann degradation of amide Q. Convert acetic acid to methyl amine. الإجابة (1 Hydrolysis Chemical reactions Chemical reactions

3) Dehydration 4 ) Action of nitrous acid

(4) Esters (4) Esters التسمية تتم كالآتى 1- ذكر اسم R` 2- ذكر اسم الحمض محذوفاً منه -ic ومضافاً اليه ate

Preparation Reactions of esters Reaction with Grignard to form t-alc.

Claisen condensation of ester Mechanism