Foundations of Civilization Chapter 1 Section 3

Key Terms Surplus Division of labor Traditional economy Civilization Artisans Cultural diffusion

From Villages to Cities Advances in Farming Increased production Irrigation systems Produced a surplus Surplus-excess food Surplus food larger populations

Changing Economies Fewer people needed to farm Could do other jobs Division of labor-each worker specializes in a particular task or job Traditional economy-economic decisions based on custom, tradition, or ritual

Characteristics of Cities Cities are larger and densely populated Early cities contain many unrelated people Have more formal organization Served as centers of trade

First Civilizations Complex and organized society Characteristics Developed cities Organized governments Formalized religion Specialization of labor Social classes Record keeping and writing Art and architecture

Developed Cities Political, economic, cultural centers Organized governments Created laws Established justice Supervised food production Building projects Gathered taxes Provided defense

Formalized Religion Priests performed rituals Sacrifice or offering Built large temples Priests became powerful Government and religion connected

Specialization of Labor Engineers planned cities Soldiers defended the city Artisans-skilled craftsman Basketry Carpentry Metal work pottery Merchants and Traders

Social Classes Occupation Wealth Social order Rulers, priests, nobles most power Merchants artisans next Farmers, unskilled labor Slaves at the bottom

Record Keeping and Writing As society grew, record were necessary Keep records of trade Records of taxes Used clay tokens stored in pouch Knotted stings (Incas) Writing 5,000 year ago Calendars invented

The Arts Statues Paintings Intricate pieces of bronze Placed on Usually gods, goddesses Heroes, rulers Intricate pieces of bronze Placed on Buildings Tombs

Environmental Influences Flooding Wipe out crops Wipe out cities Drought Kill livestock Loses fertility To obtain resources people traded

Spread of People and Ideas Cultural diffusion-spread of beliefs, customs, and technology from one culture to another Done through trade Learned new languages Writing Religions

Expansion and Warfare Needed more land and resources Conflict over land and water Seaports Between nomads and civilization Nomads usually skilled warriors