Civilization Begins Chapter 1 Prehistory – 3000 B.C.

Measurement of Time Prehistory to 0 B.C. – Before Christ or… B.C.E. – B efore Common Era Year 1 to present is referred to as: A.D. – Anno Domini or… C.E – common era

The Geographer Study people & their environment Study five major themes: 1.Location - where a place is on the surface of the Earth 2.Interaction - how people have shaped and been shaped by the places where they lived 3.Movement - of people, goods, and ideas 4.Place - physical & human characteristics of a location 5.Region - places with similar unifying physical, economic, or cultural features. 1.1

The Archeologists… Study Prehistory - before there was writing. Study artifacts - objects made by people, such as tools, weapons, pottery, clothing, and jewelry.

Study written evidence such as letters or tax records and visual evidence such as photographs or films to reconstruct the past. Evaluate information for reliability The Historian

Paleolithic Age Old Stone Age Lasted until ~10,000 BCE –Hunter/gatherers or nomads. –Made clothes & tools (i.e. spears & axes from natural materials) –Built fires –Developed spoken languages –Religions began Sungir, Russia, buried some 25,000 years ago 1.2

Neolithic Age New Stone Age Learned to farm –Plant seeds & domesticated animals –Transformed our existence Appx. 5,000 years ago, these advances led to the rise of civilizations. –Social hierarchy (leader, farmers, etc.) –Accumulation of personal property –New technologies

Paleolithic vs. Neolithic Use pg. in your textbook to compare/contrast Paleolithic vs. Neolithic peoples. PaleolithicNeolithic Time Frame 2.5 million years --> ___________________ 8,000 --> __________ Lifestyle Housing Shelter Food Tools 1. 2.

Homework: Read the article, “Pros and Cons of Farming.” Hunting/GatheringvsFarming Pros Cons

Beginnings of Civilizations Cities first arose in river valleys because: 1.Water 2.Farming 3.Renewable soil 4.Animals 5.Transportation

Civilizations Emerge Farmers began cultivating lands along river valleys & producing surplus Surpluses helped populations expand As population grew, villages swelled into cities

8 features common to early civs: 1.Cities –In fertile areas (near rivers) producing a food surplus. 2.Well-organized central governments –Needed to maintain order and the surplus –Divine Right –Bureaucracy developed 3.Complex religions – Polytheistic, believing in many gods – Controlling the natural forces and human activities – People created ceremonies, temples and priests to intervene with the gods on behalf of the people 4.Job specialization –Artisans, priests, farmers, weapons maker and soldiers

Features 5. Social classes –The importance of the persons job ranked them socially 6. Arts and architecture – Temples to the gods – Places for the rulers 7. Public works to benefit the city – Defensive walls, irrigation systems, roads and bridges 8. Writing –Pictograms –Leaders needed to keep records

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