Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 3.1 – 3.19 Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Chapter 2- Biochemistry Relevant Material 96% of the body is made from four elements Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N)

Chapter 2- Biochemistry Relevant Material Organic compounds Contain carbon Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon

Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues Slide 3.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life  Cells are the building blocks of all living things  Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function Cells and Tissues

Anatomy of the Cell Slide 3.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cells may differ in size, shape, function.  Ex. Blood cells, muscle, liver cells  All cells share general structures  Cells are organized into three main regions  Nucleus  Cytoplasm  Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a

The Nucleus Slide 3.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Control center of the cell  Contains genetic material (DNA)  Three regions  Nuclear Envelope (membrane)  Nucleolus  Chromatin Figure 3.1b

Nuclear Envelope (or Membrane) Slide 3.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Barrier of nucleus  Consists of a double phospholipid membrane  Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell (NOT DNA: STAYS in Nucleus!)

Nucleoli Slide 3.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli  Sites of ribosome production  Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

Chromatin Slide 3.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Composed of DNA and protein (“Histones”)  Scattered throughout the nucleus  Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides /

Plasma Membrane Slide 3.7a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Barrier for cell contents  Phosholipid bilayer (double phospholipid layer)  Hydrophilic heads – are polar=interact w/H 2 O (Hydro=Water, Philic=like/love)  Hydrophobic tails – are NON-Polar=avoid H 2 O (phobic=fear/dislike)  Other materials in plasma membrane  Proteins  Cholesterol  Glycoproteins

Plasma membrane Stabilizes/stiffens plasma membrane Hydro___?___

Plasma Membrane Slide 3.7b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.2 Markers for Cell recognition

Plasma Membrane Specializations Slide 3.8a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Microvilli  Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption On cells lining the Digestive tract! Figure 3.3

Plasma Membrane Specializations Slide 3.8b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Not on Test!!  Membrane junctions:  Tight junctions  Desmosomes – found in tissues that are “stressed”..ex. Heart tissue.  Gap junctions Figure 3.3

Cytoplasm Slide 3.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane  Cytosol  Fluid that suspends other elements  Organelles  Metabolic machinery of the cell  Inclusions  Non-functioning units

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Ribosomes  Made of protein and RNA  Sites of protein synthesis  Found at two locations  Free in the cytoplasm  Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances  “Highway” for transport.  Two types of ER  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum  Studded with ribosomes  Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum  Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Golgi apparatus  Modifies and packages proteins Adds/subtracts to protein tail..”flags” where it should go in cell.  Produces different types of packages  Secretory vesicles  Cell membrane components  Lysosomes Insulin secrete

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.5

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lysosomes  Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell  Peroxisomes  Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes  Detoxify harmful substances  Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mitochondria  “Powerhouses” of the cell  Change shape continuously  Site of Cellular Respiration - break down food (glucose) to drive production of ATP ATP=Cellular energy

Cytoplasmic Organelles: Tke Cytoskeleton == Enhanced image of Mouse Cell Network of protein structures throughout the cytoplasm Provides the cell with an internal framework

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cytoskeleton  Three different types  Microfilaments  Intermediate filaments  Microtubules Figure 3.6 small largest

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Centrioles  Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules  Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

Cellular Projections Slide 3.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Not found in all cells  Used for movement  Cilia moves materials across the cell surface….ex. Cells lining Resp. tract  Flagellum propels the cell ed20f800.jpg 7/04/irreducible-complexity-indeed.html

Cell Diversity Slide 3.19c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 4, 5