Revolution in Latin America

Revolution in Haiti Saint Dominique- French colony and part of Hispaniola. Aug 1791 calls for revolution and 100,000 slaves rose in revolt Toussaint L’ouverture emerges as a leader 1802French troops landed to dispose of him. He tried to barter for an end of slavery in the colonies He was sent to jail in the French Alps, where he died

Haiti’s Independence Jean Jacques Dessalines took over the fight and in 1804 declared the colony independent Haiti was the first black colony to declare independence

Latin America Sweeps to Freedom Sharply divided classes Peninsulares- men born in Spain (top of the social class) Creoles- Spanish born in the New World Mestizos- mixed descent- European/Native American Mulattos and Africans Indians

Creoles Spearhead Independence Least suppressed and most educated group Influenced by Enlightenment ideas

Events in Europe Trigger Latin American Revolutions Napoleon’s conquest triggered revolts in Spanish colonies No loyalty to French king in Spain

Libertadores End Spanish Rule 2 brilliant generals in South American Wars: Simon Bolivar- Venezuelan Creole Jose de San Martin- Argentinean

Bolivar’s Route to Victory Venezuela declares independence from Spain but the fight was not easily won Bogotá victory won Venezuela independence

San Martin declared Argentine independent w/O’Higgins freed Chile heads north toward Peru meets with Bolivar San Martin went to Europe and Bolivar took over the army and defeated the Spanish at the Battler of Ayacucho (Peru) in 1824

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule Miguel Hidalgo- call for rebellion Hidalgo defeated by upper classes (Creoles) Jose Maria Morelos- led revolution but was defeated in 1815

Mexico’s Independence 1821 – Mexico declares independence Central American states independent

Brazil Not violent and royal family plays a role 1807 – Napoleon’s armies to invade Spain and Portugal 1822 Creoles demanded Brazil’s independence from Portugal and they get it

Independence brings disunity independence increases poverty dream of united Central America fell apart provinces split into El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras