Clinical Reasoning and Problem Solving
The Clinical Teacher Diagnose the Diagnose the Learner Patient Level Knowledge Experience Reasoning
Organization of knowledge Classroom: Curriculum organ systems, pathology Clinical knowledge: Based on Clinical features---knowledge---experience
Thinking…. Classroom or clinical
Clinical Diagnostic Reasoning Patient story Knowledge Data Problem representation Context Hypothesis Illness script Diagnosis Experience
Problem representation… Based on patient story, PE, data Translation of patient-specific into abstract terms
Clinical Diagnostic Reasoning Patient story Knowledge Data Problem representation Context Hypothesis Illness script Diagnosis Experience
Reasoning… Described with semantic qualifiers Paired, opposing descriptors
Illness script… Recalled, structured knowledge Triggered by problem representation Clinically relevant information Outcomes, solutions Purposeful data gathering
Clinical Diagnostic Reasoning Patient story Knowledge Data Problem representation Context Hypothesis Illness script Diagnosis Experience
Promote diagnostic reasoning: Experience Articulate problem representation Prioritize and justify diagnostic possibilities Develop illness scripts/disease concepts
What can we do as teachers? Promote reasoning aloud Ask What are you unsure of? What can’t you explain? Use abstract qualifiers Defining features Discriminating features Compare and contrast Shorten and focus the differential list
Instruction-Related activities in Rounds Listening Planning Reflecting Thinking interactively Teaching Diagnose patient Diagnose learner