Stops Stops include / p, b, t, d, k, g/ (and glottal stop) Stops may be described in terms of … Manner of articulation Place of articulation Voicing Speech Production

Manner All stops have same manner of articulation Sudden burst of air or sudden stop in the burst of air. All have an aperiodic sound source All produced from mouth (as opposed to nares) Rapid changes in articulators result in rapid change in acoustic resonance. Speech Production

Place Place of articulation refers to where the major constriction occurs. Bilabial /p, b/ Alveolar (lingua-alveolar) /t, d/ Palatal (lingua-palatal) /k, g/… Note: may be velar depending upon vowel context. Glottal Speech Production

Place Speech Production

Spectrograms of Stops Speech Production

Voicing /p, b, k/ are unvoiced /b, d, g/ are voiced Contain only an aperiodic component /b, d, g/ are voiced Contain both periodic and aperiodic component Speech Production

Fricatives Fricatives include Similar to stops … Different than stops Both contain an aperiodic noise source Both have a place of maximum constriction Both may be voiced or unvoiced Different than stops Manner of articulation … fricatives involve only a partial constriction of vocal tract. Fricatives are sometime referred to a continuants. Speech Production

Place and voicing Speech Production

Place and voicing Speech Production

Speech Production

Affricates Combination of a stop and fricative . Speech Production

Sound Influence Adaptation Assimilation Coarticulation Speech Production

Adaptation Variations in articulators as they move from one articulator to another resulting in different allophones. E.g., “key vs. coo” …. /ki/ vs. /ku/ or “pea vs. pooh” …. /pi/ vs. /pu/ In both instances the production of the stop has been altered due to vowel context. Speech Production

Assimilation Extreme form of adaptation where production of phoneme is changed due to context. E.g., the word “think” Speech Production

Coarticulation Two articulators moving at the same time for different phonemes. E.g., /tu/. Lips are protruded in anticipation of /u/ During running speech coarticulation (along with adaptation and assimilation) occur constantly. Speech Production

Suprasegmentals Sometimes referred to as prosody. Provide examples Give speech its color, expression and sbutle meaning Suprasegmentals include … Stress Intonation Duration and juncture Speech Production

Stress Increase in Effort Intensity Pitch Duration Formant pattern Speech Production

Stress (continued) Acoustic events Increase in fo Formants not affected by adaptation Higher muscle activity (e.g., emg) Vowels have longer duration and are of greater intensity due to increase in subglottal air pressure. Speech Production

Intonation Change in fundamental frequency. Speech Production

Intonation (continued) Changing intonation can change meaning & may signal attitude and feelings. Rising inflection can signal difference between statement and question. Flat intonation sometimes implies “seriousness” Can denote sarcasm May indicate excitement, etc. Speech Production

Intonation (continued) Speech Production

Duration and Junction Duration Juncture Usually involves changing length of vowel. May be volitional or involuntary Vowel before a voiced phoneme is longer than what occurs before an unvoiced consonant. E.g., wet vs. wed Juncture Combination of changes in stress and duration can cause change in meaning. E.g., a name vs. an aim, Contest can mean either “games”, or a “challenge” depending upon context. Speech Production

Summary Speech Production