Bell Ringer Section 22-1 Go to Section: Name Five major characteristics of the Fungi Kingdom: 1.Eukaryotes- Cells have a nucleus 2. Have a cell wall made of chitin 3. Mostly Multicellular (except for yeast which is unicellular 4. Heterotrophs- AKA Consumers. Fungi are decomposers 5. Some reproduce sexually and some reproduce asexually How is this different than the Plant Kingdom? Review of Unit Three

Introduction to Plants What is a plant? A. Multicellular – composed of more than 1 cell B. Eukaryotic – cells contain a nucleus C. Autotrophic – most carry out photosynthesis D. Cell walls made of cellulose E.Reproduce sexually and asexually In Sexual Reproduction– plants create egg and sperm cells Asexual reproduction - can reproduce by propagation (fragmentation) – cuttings taken from plant and allowed to root - identical to parent

Haploid Diploid MEIOSIS Spores (haploid) Sporophyte Plant (diploid) Gametophyte Plant (haploid) FERTILIZATION Sperm (haploid) Eggs (haploid) Section 22-1 Generalized Plant Life Cycle Go to Section:

II. Why are plants important? A. Base of land food chains B. Provide shade and shelter for animals C. Produce oxygen D. Important sources of medications

III. What do plants need in order to survive? A. Sunlight B. Water and Minerals C. Gas Exchange – take in CO 2 and release O 2 D. Movement of water and minerals

IV. How did today’s plants evolve? A. Probably from organisms similar to today’s multicellular freshwater algae B. Evidence for this: plants and algae share- 1. Similar life cycles (alternation of generations) 2. Cellulose in cell walls 3. Similar pigments; like chlorophyll 4. DNA evidence

V. What are the four major groups of plants that exist today? A. Bryophytes (nonvascular, seedless – Ex: mosses) B. Ferns (vascular, seedless – Ex. Ferns) C. Gymnosperms (vascular, cone-bearing plants – Ex: pine tree) D. Angiosperms (vascular, flowering plants – Ex: dogwood tree, rose)

Bryophytes

Ferns

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Cone-bearing plants 760 species Ferns and their relatives 11,000 species Mosses and their relatives 15,600 species Flowering plants 235,000 species Section 22-1 Figure 22-7 The Diversity of Plants Go to Section:

Why are plants classified into these groups? 2 main reasons. A. Based on 3 important physical features 1.Whether or not they have vascular tissue A. Vascular Tissue: conducts water and minerals 2. Whether or not they produce seeds or spores 3. Whether or not they produce flowers B. Project Deep Green 1. Since 1994, Biologists from 12 nations have been classifying plants by comparing DNA sequences

Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Section 22-1 Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Go to Section:

Name 3 characteristics of the plant kingdom. Scientist believe all plants probably evolved from this common ancestor. What evidence supports this? What group of plants is the most primitive? What group of plants is the most successful?

Bryophytes and Ferns I. What are the characteristics of Bryophytes? A. Seedless- reproduce using spores not seeds B. Non-vascular – do not have xylem and phloem - Rely on osmosis and diffusion to move water and nutrients / must live in wet habitats! C. Grow just a few centimeters off the ground D. Depend on water for reproduction – sperm swims to egg

III. How do bryophytes reproduce? A.Fertilization occurs when sperm swims thru water to egg – gametophyte forms B.Gametophyte is dominant C.Sporophyte is dependent upon the gametophyte

II. What are the 3 major groups of bryophytes? A.Mosses B.Liverworts C.Hornworts

Moss

Liverwort

Hornwort

Bryophyte: Stomata (pores)

Rhizoid Capsule Stalk Sporophyte Gametophyte Section 22-2 The Structure of a Moss Go to Section: Stem Leaf

Bryophyte: Pseudo Leaves

Rhizoids, haploid Bryophyte Anatomy

Gametophyte makes gametes (sperm and eggs), haploid Sperm have tails to swim in the moisture on the plant to another nearby plant in order to fertilize the egg. Bryophyte Anatomy

Fertilized eggs (diploid) grow into a sporophyte The sporophyte (diploid) grows up from the top of the gametophyte (haploid) Bryophyte Anatomy

The sporophyte (diploid) is made up of a stalk and capsule… The sporophyte (diploid) goes through meiosis and released spores (haploid) from the capsule.

Moss: Sporophyte growing from gametophyte

Moss covers almost every available surface in rainforests

Bryophyte Anatomy Sperm Sperm being released Eggs for sperm to fertilize

Bryophyte Anatomy Gametophyte (Haploid) Sporophyte (Diploid) Rhizoid Gametophyte (body with “leaves”) Stalk (Seta) Capsule

IV. What are mosses used for? a.Dried sphagnum mosses used in gardening and potted plants

Moss is used in gardening and planting because it is extremely absorbent

IV. What are mosses used for? a.Dried sphagnum mosses used in gardening and potted plants b.Peat – accumulated moss used as fuel

Peat (accumulated dead moss) is cut from the ground and used as fuel in many European countries

Bog

1.Bodies of the BogsBodies of the Bogs 2.Bodies of the BogBodies of the Bog Prevents decomposition of dead organisms

Rhizoid Capsule Stalk Sporophyte Gametophyte Section 22-2 The Structure of a Moss Go to Section: Stem Leaf

Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Section 22-1 Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Go to Section:

Ferns: Seedless Vascular Plants IV. What are the characteristics of ferns and their relatives? A. Seedless- reproduce using spores B. True vascular tissue – have xylem and phloem C. Can grow tall because of lignin and vascular tissue D. Depend on water for reproduction – sperm swims to egg

VII. How do seedless vascular plants reproduce? a.Fertilization occurs when sperm swims thru water to egg b.Sporophyte is dominant c.Sporophyte develops from the gametophyte

VI. What are the major groups of seedless vascular plants? a.Ferns b.Club mosses c.Horsetails

Tree fern – native to East Indies

Boston Fern

Club moss (“miniature pines”)

Horsetails – also called scouring rushes

Haploid gametophyte (N) Diploid sporophyte (2N) MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Mature sporophyte (2N) Gametophyte (N) Frond Sperm Egg Spores (N) Developing sporophyte (2N) embryo (2N) Mature gametophyte (N) Young gametophyte (N) Sporangium (2N) Section 22-3 The Life Cycle of a Fern Go to Section: male female

Alternation of Generations: Ferns Ferns Sporophyte = dominant (most conspicuous) individual Gametophyte = small, fragile structure most people (even botanists!) never notice

Fern Gametophytes

Alternation of Generations: Ferns Frond = diploid sporophyte Sorus = collection of sporangia where meiosis occurs

Sori on a Fern Sporophyll

Pinna Sori

Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Section 22-1 Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Go to Section:

Seed Plants  Gymnosperms and Angiosperms I.Gymnosperms – do not produce flowers or fruits but do produce seeds and have vascular tissue. A.Largest group of gymnosperms are the conifers. Ex; pine trees 1.Conifers have 2 types of cones; male and female 2.Male cones produce pollen that carries sperm cells 3.Female cones produce eggs

Seed Plants  Gymnosperms and Angiosperms I.Gymnosperms – do not produce flowers or fruits but do produce seeds. A.Largest group of gymnosperms are the conifers. Ex; pine trees 1.Conifers have 2 types of cones; male and female 2.Male cones produce pollen that carries sperm cells 3.Female cones produce eggs 4.Pollination occurs by the wind: not dependent on water 5.After pollination, the fertilized egg develops into a seed.

Seed Cones (female) and Pollen Cones (male)

Seed coat Embryo Stored food supply Seed Wing A B Section 22-4 Figure 22–19 The Structure of a Seed Go to Section:

Welwitschia It only grows in a remote region of southwestern Africa in the Namib and Mossamedes Deserts. The leaves lie on the ground and as they flap about in the wind they become split and frayed. Welwitschias absorb moisture in the form of dense fog that flows over the Namib Desert.

Cycads

B. Conifers are an important source for building materials and paper products

II. Angiosperms – produce flowers, fruits, and seeds and are the most abundant plants on Earth. A. Two main types of angiosperms: Monocots and Dicots

MonocotsDicots Seeds Leaves Flowers Stems Roots 1 seed leaf Parallel veins Floral parts in multiples of 3 Vascular bundles scattered Fibrous roots Two Branched veins Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular bundles in a ring Taproot Section 22-5 Figure 22–25Comparison of Monocots and Dicots Go to Section:

B. Pollination occurs mostly by animals (best adaptation!) Many angiosperms have mutual relationships with animals like insects, bats, or birds. As animals gather nectar from flowers, they also transfer pollen from flower to flower. Many species are flower specific- only gather nectar from one type of flower. After pollination and fertilization, seeds develop inside protective fruits.

C. Angiosperms are the main source of food for all animals on earth including humans. Rice, wheat, barley, grasses – all are angiosperms. They are also used in medicines, clothing and other products.

Filament Anther Stigma Style Ovary Carpel Petal Sepal Ovule Stamen Section 24-1 Figure 24–5 The Structure of a Flower I. Carpel – female a. Stigma – traps pollem b. Style supports stigma; forms a pollen tube c. Ovary – becomes fruit d. Ovule- becomes seeds II. Stamen – male a. Anther- produces pollen b. Filament- supports anther III. Petals – attract pollinators IV. Sepals – protect flower bud while it is developing

From flower to fruit Flowers, fruits and seeds…

III. Why are seed plants more successful that spore producing plants?

A. Gametophyte generation is very tiny (only a few cells). In gymnosperms and angiosperms it is protected inside seeds and fruits so the young of seed plants tend to survive better. The spores of ferns and mosses must land in a wet habitat. If they do not, they will die. B. Sperm does not have to swim thru water- it is carried by wind or animals during pollination. This enables seed plants to live in dryer habitats. It also increases reproductive success.

Gametophyte (N) Sporophyte (2N) BryophytesFernsSeed plants Section 24-1 Figure 24–1Evolution of the Gametophyte and the Sporophyte

I.Basic Structures in Plants A.Seed – embryo of a plant that is protected by a covering and surrounded by a food supply 1.Can remain dormant for many years 2.Environmental factors (temperature and moisture) end dormancy

3. Many modified for easy dispersal a. Light weight - can float in water and in the air b. Textured seed coats that stick to animal fur c.“Winged” seeds – can “fly” long distances away from parent plant d. Angiosperm seeds are surrounded by fleshy fruits that are eaten by animals allowing seeds to be dispersed e. Seeds of Gymnosperms develop inside of protective cones

Seed coat Embryo Stored food supply Seed Wing A B Section 22-4 Figure 22–19 The Structure of a Seed Go to Section:

B. Vascular Tissues- system of “tubes” throughout a plant; two types – xylem and phloem 1.Xylem - transports water from the roots to the rest of the plant 2.Phloem - transports the products of photosynthesis (sugars) from the leaves to the rest of the plant

C. Roots – absorb water and nutrients, anchor the plant, store food D. Stems – supports plant, contains vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients between the roots and leaves

Section 23-2 Epidermis Ground tissue (cortex) Vascular Cylinder Root hairs Phloem Xylem Apical meristem Root cap Zone of maturation Zone of elongation Figure 23–7 The Structure of a Root Pg. 585

Dermal tissue Vascular tissue Ground tissue Stem Root Leaf Section 23-1 Figure 23–1 Root, Stem, and Leaf Tissues

1.Two types of growth occur in stems and roots a.Primary – growth from the tips of the roots and the shoots at areas called apical meristem b.Secondary – growth in the width of the plant. (tree rings)

Section 23-3 WoodBark Cork Cork Cambium Phloem Vascular Cambium Xylem: Sapwood Xylem: Heartwood Figure 23–15 Layers of a Tree Trunk Contains old, nonfunctioning xylem that helps support the tree Contains active xylem that transports water and minerals Produces new xylem and phloem, which increase the width of the stem Transports sugars produced by photosynthesis Produces protective layer of cork Contains old, nonfunctioning phloem that protects the tree

E. Leaves carry out photosynthesis and transpiration 1.Epidermis - outer layer that covers the leaf. “skin” 2.Cuticle – waxy covering over the epidermis that prevents the plant from drying out 3.Mesophyll - middle layer of cells that carry out photosynthesis and exchange of the gases CO 2 and O 2 4.Stomata – openings on the bottom of the leaf that allow gases to enter and leave 5.Guard cells – cells around the stomata that open and close the stomata

a.When the guard cells are full of water, the stomata is open. When they do not have water the stomata is closed. (This helps the plant conserve water when it is dry. b.Stomata are usually closed at night. (no sun = no photosynthesis)

Section 23-4 Veins Xylem Phloem Vein Cuticle Epidermis mesophyll Epidermis Stomata Guard cells mesophyll Figure 23–18 The Internal Structure of a Leaf

Section 23-5 Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves. Pull of water molecules upward from the roots. AB Transpiration

Filament Anther Stigma Style Ovary Carpel Petal Sepal Ovule Stamen Section 24-1 Figure 24–5 The Structure of a Flower I. Carpel – female a. Stigma – traps pollen b. Style supports stigma; forms a pollen tube for sperm to reach egg c. Ovary – becomes fruit d. Ovule- eggs that becomes seeds II. Stamen – male a. Anther- produces pollen b. Filament- supports anther c. pollen – carries sperm III. Petals – attract pollinators IV. Sepals – protect flower bud while it is developing

23-4 Structure and Function of Leaves

Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Section 22-1 Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Go to Section:

Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives ????????? Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Section 22-1 Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Go to Section: What organism do scientist believe all plants evolved from? Green Algae

Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants ???? Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Section 22-1 Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Go to Section: First group of plants to evolve vascular tissue? Fern and their relatives

Flowering plants ?????????? Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Section 22-1 Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Go to Section: What group of plants were the first to evolve seeds? Gymnosperms

Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue ???????????? What characteristic evolved at this point to bring fourth cone- bearing plants? The Seed

Conifers are found in which of the four groups of plants? Gymnosperms

This plant belongs in what group of plants? Bryophyte

Fill in the Blank Fertilization occurs when ______________ swims thru water to egg – gametophyte forms In bryophytes….. Sperm

How does pollination usually occur in angiosperms? Animals

What group of plants does this organism belong? Angiosperms

Name the two parts of a plant’s life cycle Gametophyte stage and Sporophyte stage

How does pollination occur usually in gymnosperms? By Wind

Group of plants that is Seedless but has vascular tissues Ferns

Group of Plants that Have Vascular Tissue and Seeds enclosed in a fruit Angiosperms

How will this seed be dispersed? Wind

Monocot or Dicot? Dicot b/c of the branched veins in the leaf

Part of the flower that attracts pollinators Petals

The part of the flower that protects the immature flower as a bud Sepals

Male reproductive part of the flower Stamen The stamen is made up of two parts

The female parts of the flower make up the ____________ Carpel or Pistil

Stigma

Style

Ovule

Anther

What becomes the fruit of a flower after fertilization? The Ovary

Waxy covering of a leaf that prevents the leaf from drying out Cuticle

Scientist believe that all plants probably evolved from a common ancestor to today’s _____________________ Green Algae

A B c d E F