How might these 2 things be related? 4.1 KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy. How might these 2 things be related?

Chemical energy in bonds of food ATP transfers the energy The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Chemical energy in bonds of food ATP transfers the energy Money analogy… Starch molecule Glucose molecule

ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions. Phosphate group = released energy Changes ATP to Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added. Energy is put back in the bond of the third phosphate; requires lots of proteins phosphate removed

Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP. Carbohydrates most common Not stored in large amounts up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule triphosphate adenosine diphosphate tri=3 di=2

Fats store the most energy. 80 percent of the energy in your body about 146 ATP from a triglyceride Proteins last source amino acids needed for proteins about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate

A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy. Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight. Examples? In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules. similar to photosynthesis uses chemical energy instead of light energy

PHOTOSYNTHESIS KWL K-What do you know? W-What do you Want to know? L-What did you Learn

Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, found in chloroplast Two types: 4.2 Key Concept: The overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, found in chloroplast Two types: Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b Absorb mostly red & blue light chloroplast leaf cell leaf

Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts. Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts. grana (made up of stacks called thylakoids) Stroma chloroplast stroma grana (thylakoids)

Light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight. take place in thylakoids water and sunlight are needed chlorophyll absorbs energy energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-independent reactions oxygen is released

Light-independent reactions make sugars. take place in stroma Also called the Calvin Cycle needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere use energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions

The equation for the overall process is: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

The light-dependent reactions produce ATP. hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid membrane ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP

A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle Uses ATP to produce glucose from the carbon dioxide

Photosynthesis Summary How are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions related? Explain how the Calvin Cycle is a bridge between carbon in the atmosphere and carbon-based molecules in your food? There is a light-independent part of photosynthesis so can plants live without sunlight? Why or Why not?

Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars. Cellular respiration is aerobic Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria. mitochondrion animal cell

Glycolysis must take place first. Anaerobic in cytoplasm splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules produces two ATP Where does the glucose come from?

Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis. The Krebs cycle transfers energy to an electron transport chain. mitochondrial matrix breaks down three-carbon molecules from glycolysis makes a small amount of ATP releases carbon dioxide transfers energy-carrying molecules 6H O 2 6CO 6O mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP energy energy from glycolysis 1 4 3 and Krebs Cycle

energy from glycolysis The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP. inner membrane of the mitochondria energy transferred to electron transport chain oxygen enters process ATP produced water released as a waste product 6H O 2 6CO 6O mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP energy energy from glycolysis 1 4 3 and Electron Transport

The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.

Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue. Fermentation is an anaerobic process. occurs when oxygen is not available does not produce ATP

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells. glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid NADH is changed back into NAD+

Fermentation and its products are important in several ways. Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation. glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide NADH is changed back into NAD+ NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis

Fermentation is used in food production. yogurt cheese bread