The Duel for North America Chapter
France Religious wars ceased Edict of Nantes = 1598 Limited toleration / Protestants Most feared of European Continent King Louis XIV = Ruled 72 yrs. Colonies = Quebec Samuel de Champlain “Father of New France”
Colonies = New France Autocratic Canada Controlled by king No right to trial by jury Population grew slowly Favored Caribbean Island colonies Sugar
France Fans Out Beaver Pelts Trappers = Coureurs de bois Free livers Extinguished beaver Recruited Indians into fur business Disease / alcohol French Catholic missionaries = Jesuits Explorers
Cont. Robert de La Salle Mississippi = 1682 Louisiana Tried to block Spain Planted fortified posts New Orleans = 1718 Trade = West Indies and Europe
Clash King William’s War = Queen Anne’s War = British Colonist against French Courers de bois Both recruiting Indian allies Guerrilla warfare = savage Spain allied with France
Cont. Peace = 1713 France beaten Britain got Acadia = renamed Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Hudson Bay War of Jenkins’s Ear = 1739 British and Spanish Smuggling Caribbean / Georgia James Oglethorpe King George’s War
Washington Ohio Valley 1749 Colonial speculators Virginians / Washington family 500,000 acres French erecting forts Fort Duquesne = Pittsburgh Washington sent to secure claims 150 militiamen 40 miles from fort = shots fired
Cont. French leader killed = retreated French returned with reinforcements Washington built = Fort Necessity 10 hr. siege Washington surrenders July 1754
Global War French and Indian War = 1754 Seven Years’ War Also fought in Europe / West Indies / Philippines / Africa / Ocean Britain, Prussia Vs. France, Spain, Austria and Russia Blood bath in Germany = Fredrick the Great
Colonial Disunity Colonial clashes 1754 Intercolonial Congress Albany, NY 21 delegates = 7 colonies showed up Keep Iroquois loyal Gifts Franklin = “Join or Die” Albany Congress
Blunders General Edward Braddock British Regulars = 2,000 Capture Fort Duquesne Washington Huge loss Native American tear through countryside Scalping Defeat after Defeat
Pitt William Pitt = “Great Commoner” Leader on London Government “Organizer of Victory” Concentrate on Canada Victory against Louisbourg 1 st significant victory
Quebec Battle of Quebec = 1759 James Wolfe Daring night move = scaled the cliffs Plains of Abrahams Significant battle Montreal fell 1760 French flag flew for the last time in Canada
Trouble with Colonists Friction between British officers and militia Professionalism Colonist didn’t truly support cause Refused troops / money Wanted privileges of Englishmen, without the duties and responsibilities
War Ends Treaty of Paris = 1763 G.B. claimed all of North America east of the Mississippi River Included Florida = Acquired from Spain for Cuba Spain received French lands west of Mississippi / Port of New Orleans France kept a few small islands near Newfoundland and West Indies
Aftermath British victory = trouble with the Natives Native Americans captured 8 British forts in the Ohio Valley Led by Pontiac (Ottawa) Killed 2,000 soldier / settlers Blankets infected with smallpox given to chiefs during peace negotiations Peace negotiated by the end of 1765
Aftermath Cont. Proclamation of 1763 Banned settlements west of the Appalachians Colonists not happy G.B. in financial trouble Cracked down on colonial smuggling 10,000 troops sent to control Native Americans