Chapter 6: Types of Cells and Cell Structures AP Biology Chapter 6: Types of Cells and Cell Structures

Fig: 6.3

LE 6-4 Scanning electron 1 µm microscopy (SEM) Cilia Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Longitudinal section of cilium Cross section of cilium 1 µm

Differential centrifugation LE 6-5a Homogenization Tissue cells Homogenate Differential centrifugation

LE 6-5b 1000 g (1000 times the force of gravity) 10 min Supernatant poured into next tube 20,000 g 20 min 80,000 g 60 min Pellet rich in nuclei and cellular debris 150,000 g 3 hr Pellet rich in mitochondria (and chloro- plasts if cells are from a plant) Pellet rich in “microsomes” (pieces of plasma membranes and cells’ internal membranes) Pellet rich in ribosomes

Fig: 6.6

Fig: 6.9 (plant)

Fig: 6.9 (animal)

Fig: 6.7

LE 6-10 Nucleus Nucleus 1 µm Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope: Inner membrane Outer membrane Nuclear pore Pore complex Rough ER Surface of nuclear envelope Ribosome 1 µm 0.25 µm Close-up of nuclear envelope Pore complexes (TEM) Nuclear lamina (TEM)

Chromatin vs. Chromosomes appearance within the cell.

Fig: 6.11

Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Fig: 6.13

Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food LE 6-14a Nucleus 1 µm Lysosome Lysosome contains active hydrolytic enzymes Food vacuole fuses with lysosome Hydrolytic enzymes digest food particles Digestive enzymes Plasma membrane Lysosome Digestion Food vacuole Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food

two damaged organelles 1 µm LE 6-14b Lysosome containing two damaged organelles 1 µm Mitochondrion fragment Peroxisome fragment Lysosome fuses with vesicle containing damaged organelle Hydrolytic enzymes digest organelle components Lysosome Digestion Vesicle containing damaged mitochondrion Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle

Central Vacuole of a plant

Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis

Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Outer membrane Free ribosomes in the LE 6-17 Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Outer membrane Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix Inner membrane Cristae Matrix Mitochondrial DNA 100 nm

Fig: 6.18

Cytoskeleton

Vesicle ATP Receptor for motor protein Motor protein Microtubule (ATP powered) Microtubule of cytoskeleton

Fig: 6.22

Fig: 6.23

LE 6-24 Outer microtubule doublet Plasma membrane 0.1 µm Dynein arms Central microtubule Cross-linking proteins inside outer doublets Microtubules Plasma membrane Radial spoke Basal body 0.5 µm 0.1 µm Triplet Cross section of basal body

Effect of cross-linking proteins LE 6-25b Cross-linking proteins inside outer doublets ATP Anchorage in cell Effect of cross-linking proteins Wavelike motion

Fig: 6.27

Fig: 49.30

Muscle Tissue under the Microscope

Fig: 6.28

Proteoglycan complex EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Collagen fiber Fibronectin LE 6-29a Proteoglycan complex EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Collagen fiber Fibronectin Plasma membrane CYTOPLASM Integrin Micro- filaments

Proteoglycan complex Polysaccharide molecule Carbo- hydrates Core LE 6-29b Proteoglycan complex Polysaccharide molecule Carbo- hydrates Core protein Proteoglycan molecule

Fig: 6.31

LE 6-30 Cell walls Interior of cell Interior of cell 0.5 µm Plasmodesmata Plasma membranes

Fig: 6.30

Fig: 40.5