Fungi

General Characteristics Primarily terrestrial Filamentous –__________ Coenocytic (aseptate) septate –mycelium –Haustoria – specialized parasitic hyphae Hyphae

Fungal Hyphae

General Characteristics (animal-like) Heterotrophic –absorption (saprobes) –parasitic –mutualistic Cell Wall:______ Store sugar as glycogen Chitin

Fungal Reproduction Asexual –haploid spores (conidia/sporangia) Sexual –hyphae (haploid) –Syngamy (diploid) – (like us) ____________ (dikaryon) (Heterokaryon) karyogamy (diploid) Plasmogamy

Fugal Reproduction

Fungal Classification

Division: Chytridiomycota Have _______ (rare in fungi) Coenocytic hyphae or unicellular Cell wall: chitin Saprobes or parasites May be most primitive fungi Flagella

Division: Zygomycota

Coenocytic Fungi Mostly terrestrial (live on decaying material) Example: Rhizopus (Black bread mold) Uses: birth control pills, meat tenderizers, margarine coloring (enzymes)

Fig Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Diploid (2n) Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) PLASMOGAMY Key Diploid nuclei Zygosporangium 100 µm KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Sporangium Spores Dispersal and germination ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Sporangia Mycelium 50 µm Essay! – probably at least one fungi one plant life cycle!

Division: Zygomycota Microsporidia –Parasitic Loss of organelles –Cause disease in people with immune deficiency –Used as pest control

Division: Glomeromycota Arbuscular mycorrhizae –Coenocytic Fungi –________ - associated with plant roots –increases surface area for the absorption of water and nutrients Mutualistic

Division: Ascomycota

Divison: ________ Septate fungi (sac fungi) Saprobes, mutualistic Examples: Dutch Elm Disease, yeasts, truffles, some molds Uses: Penicillium, pathogens (penicillin, tumor suppression) food (cheese and soy sauce) Ascomycota

Fig Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Conidiophore Mycelium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Germination Hypha PLASMOGAMY Haploid spores (conidia) Conidia; mating type (–) Mating type (+) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dikaryotic hyphae Ascus (dikaryotic) Mycelia KARYOGAMY Diploid nucleus (zygote) Germination Asci Dispersal Ascocarp Eight ascospores Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS

Division: Basidiomycota

Septate Fungi (Club fungi) Saprobes, parasites, mutualistic Examples: mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi Uses: Food

Division: Basidiomycota Fairy Rings

Basidium Fig SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Diploid (2n) Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Key PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Haploid mycelia Dikaryotic mycelium Mating type (–) Basidia (n+n) Gills lined with basidia Basidiocarp (n+n) KARYOGAMY Diploid nuclei MEIOSIS Basidium containing four haploid nuclei Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidiospore 1 µm Haploid mycelia

Division: Deuteromycota _________ fungi (no sexual cycle), septate hyphae Examples: Penicillium?, Aspergillus, predatory fungi Stachybotrys chartarum Imperfect Some taxonomist say Penicillium is an Ascomycota and deutromycota does not exist

__ Mutualistic - association with a green algae or cyanobacteria and an ascomycota or basidiomycota Pioneer organisms Lichen_____

Ecological Impacts Decomposers Pathogens (30% of species…most plant pathogens) % world’s fruit lost due to Fungi Ergots on rye (lysergic acid > LSD) Food Production – recycling, alcohol, cheese, truffles Ergots – another compound used to reduce blood pressure/maternal bleeding after childbirth

Worldwide 1/3 of worlds amph suffering serious decline 60% human diseases originate from animals 11/19/201524

Plant Diversity I

Highlights of Plant Evolution Gymnosperms

Alternation of Generation Both a __________ haploid and __________ diploid stages in the life cycles. Multicellular

Classification of Seedless Plants (Kingdom: Plantae) Nonvascular Seedless plants –_____________ Mosses –Hepatophyta Liverworts –Anthocerophyta Hornworts Vascular Seedless plants –Lycophyta Club mosses –Psilophyta Whiskferns –Spenophyta Horsetails –_____________ Ferns Kingdom Plantae – currently defined as plants with embryos) Bryophyta Pterophyta We will treat all of these as “divisions”!

Bryophytes - Nonvascular Seedless Plants Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue) –no true leaves, roots, stems __________/_________: –Gametophyte (antheridium and archegonium) –sporangium (produces spores) GametophyteSporophyte

Hepatophyta Liverworts –Two forms __________ (80%) __________ (20%) Leafy Thalloid

Hepatophyta Liverworts –Reproduction Asexual (_______________) sexual Gemma Cups

Anthocerophyta Hornworts –Similar to liverworts except for sporophytes –Most closely related to higher plants ____________ Sporophyte

Bryophyta Mosses

Moss gametophytes grow more vertically than horizontally Bryophyta Essay!

Pteridophytes - Vascular Seedless Plants Formation of vascular tissue –__________ (water) –__________ (food) –True leaves, roots, and stems Lignin (chemical in cell wall) Sporophyte generation dominate Sperm with flagella Xylem Phloem

Lycophyta Lycophytes –true leaves Microphylls – small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein. –true stems –true roots –____________ leaves that produce spores Sporophylls

Psilophyta Whisk Ferns –True stems –no true leaves –no true roots

Sphenophyta Horsetails –true leaves microphylls –true stems silica –true roots

Division: Pterophyta

Fern Life Cycle Essay!