Animalia

Distinguishing Characteristics Entirely eukaryotic Completely multi-cellular Completely heterotrophic ~ all animals are consumers! All reproduce sexually, and some can also reproduce asexually The most diverse of the kingdoms (1 million different species have been named, but it is estimated that there are over 3 million species of animals living on our planet today) Specialization in tissues and most even demonstrate organ systems. Mobile ~ move to find food, shelter, or mates (some animals can only move during stages of their lives) Two Main Divisions ~ invertebrates & vertebrates

Method of Reproduction All reproduce sexually, and some can also reproduce asexually new individuals form from outgrowths (buds) on the bodies of mature organisms. These outgrowths grow by means of mitotic cell division. Remember – yeast (a fungus example reproduces this way. Definition: budding - new individuals form from outgrowths (buds) on the bodies of mature organisms. These outgrowths grow by means of mitotic cell division. Remember – yeast (a fungus example reproduces this way. Specific animal example of budding ~ Asexual reproduction in jelly fish ~ budding in hydra (a cnidarian = jelly-fish)

Method of Nutrition Completely heterotrophic ~ all animals are consumers!

The Good All animals are good – they are necessary in order to maintain balance in our natural world (a.k.a. ecosystem).

The Bad * So other than disease & illness, animals only become problems for us when we intrude into their natural habitat and disrupt the natural balance in an ecosystem or if we purposefully or accidentally introduce a species into a new area were there is no natural competition against the new species. Remember – kudzu? The same thing happens with animals that are brought into a new area with no competition. So I have to ask you ……… If there are no bad animals, are their bad humans? The animals that we consider bad, are the ones that become problems for us. For example – worms, insects, and rodents/vermin can cause disease and illness in plants, animals & humans. Ex – tapeworms, pinworms, & hookworms are parasitic; ticks, mosquitos, fleas, mice, and rats can spread disease *But even these nasty critters are necessary for maintaining balance in an ecosystem – WHY?

Invertebrates No backbone. Demonstrate one of three types of symmetry in their body plans ~ bilateral, radial, asymmetrical – see page 380 in your textbook All (except the sponges) have special tissues that make up fibers called neurons. All (except the sponges) digest food in a gut that is enclosed in a cavity called a coelom. Examples listed below are listed in order of simplest to complex …. Porifera ~ sponges Cnidarians ~ jellyfish & corals Flatworms ~ planarians, flukes, & tapeworms Roundworms ~ pinworms & hookworms Mollusks ~ snails, slugs, clams, oysters, squids, & octopuses Annelid Worms ~ earth worms, leeches, & marine worms Arthropods ~ centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans, arachnids, & insects Echinoderms ~ sea stars (starfish), sand dollars, sea cucumbers, & sea urchins

Invertebrate Examples PORIFERA = sponges CNIDARIANS = jelly fish & corals Dendrogyra cylindricus = pillar coral FLATWORMS = planarians, flukes, & tapeworms Planaria dactyligera = planarian Taenia saginata = tapeworm

More Invertebrate Examples ROUNDWORMS = hookworms, pinworms, & whipworms Toxocara canis = dog roundworm MOLLUSKS = snails, slugs, clams, oysters, squids, & octopuses ANNELIDS = earthworms, leeches, & marine worms Lumbricus terrestris = earthworm Hirudo medicinalis = leech

And Even More Invertebrate Examples ARTHROPODS = centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans, arachnids, & insects ECHINODERMS = starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc.

Vertebrates All vertebrates have a backbone. Have a well developed head that is protected by a skull All vertebrates have to live at certain temperatures and have body systems & functions that help maintain a constant internal temperature Belong to the phylum Chordata (not all chordates have a backbone – lancelets & tunicates) All chordates do have each of the following four body parts within their lifetime ~ 1) tail 2) notochord (stiff but flexible rod that gives the body support) ~ replaced by a backbone late in an embryonic development

Vertebrates continued 3) hollow nerve cord ~ called a spinal cord in vertebrates 4) pharyngeal pouches ~ all chordate embryos have these pouches that develop into gills, or other body parts as the embryo matures Examples listed below are listed in order of simplest to complex …. 0 Fish ~ Jawless fish, cartilagenous fish, and boney fish Amphibians ~ caecilians, newts, salamanders, frogs, & toads Reptiles ~ dinosaurs, turtles, tortoises, crocidiles, alligators, snakes, lizards, & tuataras Birds ~ flightless, water, perching, & birds of prey Mammals ~ placentals (whales, cats, humans), monotremes (the echidnas & the platypus), & marsupials (kangaroos, wallabies, koalas, & opossums)

Vertebrate Examples FISH = cartilaginous & bony AMPHIBIANS = newts, salamanders, frogs, & toads Oncorhynchus mykiss = Rainbow Trout Carcharodon carcharias = Great White Shark Agalychnis callidryas = Red-Eyed Tree Frog Rhinella marinus = Cane Toad

REPTILES = dinosaurs, turtles, tortoises, crocodiles, alligators, snakes, & lizards More Vertebrate Examples Chamaeleo calyptratus = Yemen chameleon. Agkistrodon contortrix = copper head snake

Even More Vertebrate Examples BIRDS MAMMALS Phoencopterus ruber = flamingo Equus ferus caballus = domesticated horse Homo sapien = human