Natural Vegetation

North Sea--there is a lot of oil there Fjords--jagged cliffy drops to the Sea on the Scandinavian Peninsula Chp. 11 sec. 1

More Fjords

Polders--land reclaimed from the sea in the Netherlands, through dams, etc. Rivers and Canals—major transportation links black earth--Chernozem

Traffic on the Danube

Planning a polder

Another polder?

effects of North Atlantic Drift & prevailing westerlies--warmer than the latitude would indicate in England, France, and near the coast coal and iron ore--a resource of Europe which contributed to the industrial revolution

Climates Chp. 11 sec. 2

their demographics--high GDP, high life expectancy, low population growth rate, low infant mortality rate, low percentage of population under age 15, high literacy rate Chp. 12 sec. 1

Greece and Rome--birthplace of western democracy exploration, colonization, imperialism-- led to the spread of European culture to much of the world population patterns--highly urbanized population density--one of world  s most densely populated areas Chp. 12 sec. 2

Ruhr Valley--industrial center near a mineral deposit of coal and iron ore Po Valley--another industrial center near mineral deposits Mountain Regions—tourism educated workforce--one of the resources of Europe

the Industrial revolution--began in England, spread to Germany, etc. ethnic groups--many different languages, religions, customs, etc...this in turn, has led to periodic wars and conflicts--such as WWI & II and the trouble in Yugoslavia today.

NATO--North Atlantic Treaty Organization-- formed years ago to protect against communism, now an organization in search of a mission interdependence--trade is very important to these nations, particularly to island nations such as the U.K. Socialism--the government plays a large role in some of their economies, and a larger role than in the U.S. in almost all of them, the government owns the major industries, they have government health care, etc. Chp. 13 sec. 1

Land Use Chp. 13 sec. 1

a village in the Alps

Ruhr Valley

industrial development in Eastern and Western Europe--Eastern Europe is far behind, - cause they used to be Communists European Union--grew out of the European Common Market

Farming--advanced techniques--high yields, fertile soil, infrastructure--communication, transportation, electronics, etc. in place the Chunnel-- runs between the U.K. and France, a tunnel under the English Channel

Change in Easter Europe--they have gone to capitalism from communism in the past 15 years. Areas threatened by pollution--Forests (Black Forest), cities (Venice), Rivers (Rhine, Danube, Seine)

Black Forest

The Cultural Landscape

Eiffel Tower--Paris

Arc de Triumph--Paris

Louvre - Paris

Notra Dame--Paris

Colosseum - Rome

Leaning Tower - Pisa --Italy

St. Peter’s Basilica -Rome

Parthenon

Westminster Abbey

Big Ben - London

Windmills - Netherlands

Castles—throughout Eruope