ECE I Objective 4.03 Interpret Theories of Child Development

6 Major Theories of Child Dev. Psychosocial Theory of Human Dev. Erik Erikson Theory of Cognitive Dev. Jean Piaget Theory of Behaviorism B. F. Skinner and others

Theories con’t… Sociocultural Theory Lev Vygotsky Theory of Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner Motivation Theory Abraham Maslow

Erik Erikson-Human Dev. Life is a series of stages Each individual must pass through each stage Way in which a person handlers each of these stages affects the person’s identity and self-concept

Psychosocial Stages Newborn Trust Vs. Mistrust Toddler Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt Preschool Child Initiative Vs. Guilt

Psychosocial Stages con’t… School-age child Industry Vs. Inferiority Adolescent Identity Vs. Role Confusion Young adult Intimacy Vs. Isolation

Psychosocial Stages con’t… Adult Generativity Vs. Stagnation Elder Integrity Vs. Despair

Jean Piaget-Cognitive Dev. Behavior of children and the dev. of their thinking can only be explained by the interaction of: Nature intrinsic dev. Nurture extrinsic environmental factors

Children pass through specific stages as they develop their Cognitive Dev. Skills: Sensorimotor Birth-2 years Infants develop their intellect Preoperational 2-6 years Children begin to think symbolically and imaginatively

Piaget’s Cognitive Dev. Skills con’t… Concrete Operational 6-12 years Children learn to think logically Formal operational 12 yrs-adulthood Adults develop critical thinking skills

B.F. Skinner & others-Behaviorism Based on Locke’s tabula rasa (“clean slate”) idea Skinner theorized that a child is an “empty organism” An empty vessel waiting to be filled through learning experiences

Skinner-Behaviorism con’t… Any behavior can be changed through the use of positive and negative reinforcement. Behaviorism is based on cause-and-effect relationships.

Major elements of behaviorism include: Positive and negative reinforcement Use of stimulus and response Modeling Conditioning

Sociocultural Theory Lev Vygotsky The cultures in which children are raised and the ways in which they interact with people influence their intellectual development.

Lev Vygotsky-Sociocultural Theory Cultural environments Children learn values Beliefs Skills Traditions eventually pass on to their own children

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory con’t…. Through cooperative play, children learn to behave according to the rules of their cultures. Learning is an active process. Learning is constructed.

Vygotsky’s Elements of Sociocultural Theory: Zone of proximal development Scaffolding

Theory of Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner Intelligence is viewed as the ability to solve problems and create products in a specific situation. Many kinds of intelligences exist. IQ tests Focus on 1 & 2 of these intelligences

Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence's Intelligences may be exceptionally well- developed in individuals either by: Well-developed parts of the brain Or Cultural conditions

The 8 intelligences that are widely recognized are: 1. Linguistic 2. Logical-mathematical 3. Spatial 4. Bodily – kinesthetic 5. Intrapersonal 6. Interpersonal 7. Musical 8. Naturalistic

Copy website ftp/ks3/ict/multiple_int/index.htm

Motivation Theory Abraham Maslow People are motivated by a set of basic human needs that may be organized in the form of a hierarchy, or pyramid, with the most critical needs at the bottom of the hierarchy.

Maslow’s Motivational Theory He say’s…. critical needs Once our most critical needs—physical, are met, individuals can focus on achieving higher and loftier needs such as love, respect, and self- actualization.

Maslow’s Basic Needs Beginning with the most critical Self – actualization. Self-esteem; respect by others Love and sense of belonging Safety and security Physiological needs --- air, water, food, shelter, clothes, sex