© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.1

2 Technology in Action Chapter 11 Behind the Scenes: Databases and Information Systems

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.3 Chapter Topics Databases and their usesDatabases and their uses Database componentsDatabase components Types of databasesTypes of databases Database management systemsDatabase management systems

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.4 Chapter Topics (cont.) Relational databasesRelational databases Data warehouses and data martsData warehouses and data marts Information systemsInformation systems Data miningData mining

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.5 Databases Collections of related dataCollections of related data Easily stored, sorted, organized, and queriedEasily stored, sorted, organized, and queried Turn data into informationTurn data into information

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.6 Advantages of Using Databases Store and retrieve large quantities of informationStore and retrieve large quantities of information Enable information sharingEnable information sharing Provide data centralizationProvide data centralization Promote data integrityPromote data integrity Allow for flexible use of dataAllow for flexible use of data

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.7 Disadvantages of Databases Complex to constructComplex to construct Time consumingTime consuming ExpensiveExpensive Privacy concernsPrivacy concerns

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.8 Database Terminology Field: Category of information, displayed in columnsField: Category of information, displayed in columns

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.9 Database Terminology Data types: Type of data that can be stored in the fieldData types: Type of data that can be stored in the field

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.10 Database Terminology RecordRecord –A group of related fields Record

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.11 Database Terminology TableTable –A group of related records Table

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.12 Database Terminology Primary keyPrimary key –A field value unique to a record Primary Key

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.13 Database Types Relational databasesRelational databases –Organize data in tables –Link tables to each other through their primary keys Object-oriented databases Object-oriented databases –Store data in objects –Also store methods for processing data –Handle unstructured data

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.14 Database Types Multidimensional databasesMultidimensional databases –Stores data in multiple dimensions –Organize data in a cube format –Can easily be customized –Process data much faster

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.15 Database Management Systems (DBMS) Application software designed to capture and analyze dataApplication software designed to capture and analyze data Four main operations of a DBMS are:Four main operations of a DBMS are: 1.Creating databases and entering data 2.Viewing and sorting data 3.Extracting data 4.Outputting data

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.16 Creating Databases and Entering Data Create field names:Create field names: –Identify each type of data –Data dictionary

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.17 Creating Databases and Entering Data (cont.) Create individual records:Create individual records: –Key-in –Import –Input form

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.18 Data Validation ValidationValidation –Process of ensuring data entered into the database is correct (or at least reasonable) and complete Validation rulesValidation rules –Range check –Completeness check –Consistency check –Alphabetic/numeric checks

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.19 Data Validation Example of completeness checkExample of completeness check

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.20 Viewing and Sorting Data Browse through recordsBrowse through records Sort records by field nameSort records by field name Before sort After sort

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.21 Extracting or Querying Data QueryQuery –A question or inquiry –Provides records based on criteria –Structured query language (SQL)

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.22 Outputting Data Reports:Reports: –Printed –Summary data reports Export dataExport data

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.23 Relational Database Operations Organize data into tablesOrganize data into tables Relationships are links between tables with related dataRelationships are links between tables with related data Common fields between tables need to existCommon fields between tables need to exist

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.24 Relational Database Operations Normalization of data (recording data once) reduces data redundancyNormalization of data (recording data once) reduces data redundancy Foreign key: The primary key of one table included in another to establish relationships with that other tableForeign key: The primary key of one table included in another to establish relationships with that other table

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.25 Data Storage Data warehousesData warehouses –A large scale repository of data –Organizes all the data related to an organization –Data is organized by subject

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.26 Source dataSource data –Internal sources Company databases, etc.Company databases, etc. –External sources Suppliers, vendors, etc.Suppliers, vendors, etc. –Customers or Web site visitors Clickstream dataClickstream data Populating Data Warehouses

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.27 Data stagingData staging –Extract data from source –Reformat the data –Store the data Software programs/procedures created to extract the data and to reformat it for storageSoftware programs/procedures created to extract the data and to reformat it for storage Data Staging

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.28 Small slices of data Data of a single department Data Marts

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.29 Data Warehouse Process

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.30 Managing Data: Information Systems Information systemsInformation systems –Software-based solutions used to gather and analyze information Functions performed by information systems includeFunctions performed by information systems include –Acquiring data –Processing data into information –Storing data –Providing output options

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.31 Information Systems Categories Office support systemsOffice support systems Transaction processing systemsTransaction processing systems Management information systemsManagement information systems Decision support systemsDecision support systems

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.32 Office Support Systems (OSSs) Assist employees in day-to-day tasksAssist employees in day-to-day tasks Improve communicationsImprove communications Example: Microsoft OfficeExample: Microsoft Office Include , word processing, spreadsheet, database, and presentation programsInclude , word processing, spreadsheet, database, and presentation programs

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.33 Transaction Processing Systems (TPSs) Keeps track of everyday business activitiesKeeps track of everyday business activities Batch processingBatch processing Real-time processingReal-time processing

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.34 Management Information Systems (MISs) Provide timely and accurate information for managers to make business decisionsProvide timely and accurate information for managers to make business decisions Detail report: –Transactions that occur during a period of time Summary report: –Consolidate detailed data Exception report: –Show unusual conditions

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.35 Decision Support Systems (DSSs) Help managers develop solutions for specific problemsHelp managers develop solutions for specific problems

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.36 Model Management Systems Software that assists in building management models in DSSsSoftware that assists in building management models in DSSs Can be built to describe any business situationCan be built to describe any business situation Typically contain financial and statistical analysis toolsTypically contain financial and statistical analysis tools

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.37 Knowledge-Based Systems Expert system: Replicates human expertsExpert system: Replicates human experts Natural language processing (NLP) system: Enables users to communicate with computers using a natural spoken or written languageNatural language processing (NLP) system: Enables users to communicate with computers using a natural spoken or written language Artificial intelligence (AI): Branch of computer science that deals with attempting to create computers that think like humansArtificial intelligence (AI): Branch of computer science that deals with attempting to create computers that think like humans

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.38 Data Mining Process by which great amounts ofdata are analyzed and investigatedProcess by which great amounts of data are analyzed and investigated Objective is to spot patterns or trends within the dataObjective is to spot patterns or trends within the data

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.39 Data Mining Methods ClassificationClassification –Define data classes EstimationEstimation –Assign a value to data Affinity grouping or association rulesAffinity grouping or association rules –Determine which data goes together ClusteringClustering –Organize data into subgroups Description and visualizationDescription and visualization –Get a clear picture of what is happening

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.40 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What is a database, and why is it beneficial to use databases?What is a database, and why is it beneficial to use databases?

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.41 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What components make up a database?What components make up a database?

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.42 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What types of databases are there?What types of databases are there?

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.43 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What do database management systems do?What do database management systems do?

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.44 Chapter 11 Summary Questions How do relational databases organize and manipulate data?How do relational databases organize and manipulate data?

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.45 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What are data warehouses and data marts, and how are they used?What are data warehouses and data marts, and how are they used?

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.46 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What is an information system, and what types of information systems are used in business?What is an information system, and what types of information systems are used in business?

© 2009 Prentice-Hall, Inc.47 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What is data mining, and how does it work?What is data mining, and how does it work?