House of Parliament -- 靳玲 526 温佳妮 527

Election of House of Lords Election of House of Commons

House of Commons In 1275,Edward I called a meeting of Parliament. Five Different Groups: 1) the prelates (bishops and abbots); 2) the magnates (earls and barons); 3) the inferior clergy; 4) the knights from the shires; 5) the citizens from the towns.

In the politics of the United Kingdom,the house of Commons is the dominant component of the bicameral Parliament.

How are the Members of Parliament in the House of Commons elected?  The House of Commons consists 659 Members of Parliaments(MPs) since 1997,each elected by citizens of an electoral constituency to represent that constituency in the house.  Generally,the General Election( 大选 ) is held every five years.But in fact,it is held within five years.

Electoral System  Many countries use a system of proportional representation to determine the number of seats given to different parties in their national assemblies.  Elections to the UK Parliament in Britain are based on a system of electing one member for each constituency.

Only one representative is elected from among the candidates for each constituency: the candidate who receives the greatest number of votes.A candidate who comes second, even by difference of one vote(after recounting and checking) is not elected. The successful candidate does,however, promise to represent in Parliament the interests of all the constituents, and becomes one of the Members of Parliament,even if they vote for other parties.

 The Basic Mode of Elections: List the candidates that represent every constituency on the votes. Each voter can choose only one candidate that he/she supports. The party winning a majority in the House forms a Government, with its leader becoming Prime Minister.

PARTY %OF VOTES CASTMEMBER ELECTED Conservative Labor Liberal Dem Others Total General Election,9 th April 1992

PARTY %OF VOTES CASTMEMBER ELECTED Labour Conservative Liberal Dem Others Total General Election Result,1997

PARTY %OF VOTES CASTMEMBER ELECTED Labour Conservative Liberal Dem Others Total General Election Result,2001

Lords Spiritual (senior bishops) Law Lords (senior judges) Lords Temporal (lay peers) Life Peers Hereditary Peers Composition of House of Lords

The House of Lords Act 1999 and Hereditary Peers Elections

92 hereditary peers remained 2 holders of special offices 15 peers elected by the whole House 75 peers have been elected by their party groups

the National People's Congress NPC the local people's congresses at different levels.

All citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence. Vote in China

The election of deputies Deputies to the NPC are elected by the people ’ s congresses of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and by the armed forces. Deputies to the people ’ s congresses of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts are elected by the people ’ s congresses at the next lower level.

The election of deputies Deputies to the people's congresses at county and township levels are elected directly by their constituents.

References: of_Commons#Elections CECL book3 Encata2004 Thank you!