 Those we control (become easier to reach the benefits with time)  Hypnosis  Biofeedback  Meditation  Those we do not (need to be increased in order to reach the same ‘high’)  Psychoactive drugs

 Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention, accompanied by a heightened suggestibility producing responsiveness to suggestions for changes in experience and behavior  You are NOT asleep!  You are highly focused on internal and external stimuli, and can focus attention on one thing in particular, ignoring all others.

 Role Theory- subjects act in accordance with the hypnotized role  State Theory- hypnotized people experience an altered state of consciousness. (insensitive to pain)  Disassociation Theory- combines the two theories. Voluntary actions become involuntary and vice versa. You share control of your body with the hypnotist. You do play a role, but you there is a significant change in mental processes.

 The degree to which people respond to hypnotic suggestions. Approximately 10% of adults are incapable of being hypnotized. The better your imagination, the more likely you are to be a good candidate for hypnosis.

 Age Regression- recalling childhood events  Posthypnotic Suggestion- to create effects that last for hours or days after the hypnosis session is over. (quit smoking, decrease pain, enhance memory)

 Posthypnotic amnesia- inability to recall what happened while the person was hypnotized.  A person cannot be made to do anything while they are hypnotized, that they wouldn’t have done while completely conscious.

 A process by which a person can learn to control his internal physiological processes with the help of feedback – light turns on when heart rate goes too high  Headaches, pain control

 Focusing ones attention to clear ones mind and produce relaxation  The goal of meditation is to bring serenity, clarity, and bliss. Our "normal" state of mind is actually quite abnormal. We receive sensory stimuli and react in a completely uncontrolled way (although we tell ourselves we have great control).

 Normal Mind  Concentrating Mind  Meditating Mind  Contemplating Mind

 Meditation is focused on relaxation and clearing the mind while in hypnosis your senses are heightened so you may focus more intently on them

 Cause psychological change by altering functions of the brain.  Drugs get into the brain through the blood supply when they pass through the blood brain barrier.

 Feature of blood vessels in the brain that prevent some substances from entering the brain tissue.

 The diminishing effect with regular dose of the same dose. Psychological v. Physical dependence

 Agonists- mimic the effect of the neurotransmitters  Antagonists- inhibit neurotransmitter activity by binding with receptors.

Drugs get into the blood stream and travel to the capillaries. They then act as neurotransmitters, changing how the neurons fire.

 Substance abuse- self administering of drugs in deviation from the social or medical norms.  Psychological Dependence- use of a drug to provide a sense of well being even if the drug produces adverse consequences.  Physical Dependence- altered physiological state in which the continued use of a drug is required to prevent the onset of withdrawal symptoms.  Tolerance- may develop with prolonged use of a drug

Psychoactive Drugs Chemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered consciousness Drug CategoryExampleEffects on behavior DepressantsAlcoholRelaxant; relieve inhibitions; impair memory and judgement TranquilizersBarbiturates, benzoidiazepines (Valium, Xanax) Relieve anxiety; relax muscles; induce sleep OpiatesMorphine, heroin Decrease pain; decrease attention to real world; unpleasant withdrawal effects as drug wears off

StimulantsCaffeine, amphetamines, cocaine Increase energy, alertness Mixed Stimulant Depressant NicotineStimulate brain activity, but most smokers say drugs relax them Distortion Experience Marijuana (THC) Intensifies sensory experiences; distorts perception of time; can relieve glaucoma, nausea; sometimes impairs learning, memory HallucinogensLSD, mescalineCause hallucinations, sensory distortions, and occasionally panic

 All of these drugs cause psychological change by altering the function of the brain.

 Reduce central nervous system activity  Alcohol  Barbiturates (sleeping pills)  Tranquilizers  Side effects- panic attacks, memory loss, confusion, anger, death

Barbiturates  Tranquilizers  Taken to sleep (but reduce REM sleep).  Taken with other drugs- you can get a synergistic effect.

 Increase behavior and mental activity, raises heart rate and blood pressure.  Amphetamines (speed)  Cocaine  Caffeine- highly addictive- causes headaches and shaking  Nicotine  MDMA (Ecstacy)-  Side Effects- anxiety, insomnia, heart problems, paranoia, hallucinations, and sexual dysfunction

 Amphetamines (Speed)  Cocaine  Crack  “the crash”

 Induce sleep and relieve pain  Opium  Morphine  Heroin  Act as exaggerated painkillers, increase endorphins  Side Effects- Death, Addiction, AIDS

Opiates  Heroin and morphine  Addiction comes fast and the withdrawal symptoms are bad

 LSD  Marijuana  Cause loss of contact with reality.  Changes in emotions, perception, and ability to think.  Side Effects- disruption of memory, muscle coordination, and a lowered IQ

LSD (Acid)  Can cause PTSD and schizophrenia.  Geometric patterns