Anatomy Chapter 12

A. erythrocytes- erythro- redcyte- cell ferry oxygen to all cells in body anucleated cells contain hemoglobin- iron containing protein which transports O2 biconcave disks- creates large surface area for carrying oxygen

make up 45% of total bld- hematocrit normally 5 million cells/mm 3 each rbc contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules capable of binding 4 molecules of O 2 normal bld contains 12-18g/100mL

anemia- decrease in O 2 - carrying ability resulting from lower # of rbs abnormal/ defi - cient hemoglobin content

sickle-cell anemia- genetic disorder occurs most often in blacks

1. State the main fxn of leukocytes. 2. Discuss the # of different types of wbc, name them, and list the 4 ways they are distinguished. 3. How many wbc are in a normal adult’s blood? 4. Name 2 ways in which wbc protect against infection. 5. Give examples of how doctors can use the wbc counts to indicate types of infections.

6. Distinguish among the leukocytes that are granular and those that are agranular. (name them) 7. What is the difference between agranulocytes and granulocytes? 8. Discuss a unique property of leukocytes that enables them to get to a point of infection in the body. 9. Many leukocytes are phagocytes. What does this mean?

B. leukocytes- white blood cells leukos- white crucial to body’s defense against disease to wbc/mm 3 make up 1% total bld volume form a “movable army” against invaders

able to slip in & out of bld vessels- diapedesis use circulatory system as means of transportation to respond to inflammatory or immune responses

move by ameboid motion thru tissue until get to damaged or infected area have infection, wbc counts go up if cells/mm3 have leukocytosis mononucleosis & leukemia- high # wbc

1. granulocytes - contain visible granules in cytoplasm have lobed nuclei develop from red bone marrow

a. neutrophils- most active leukocytes most numerous to phagocytotic- ingest bacteria and dead matter; die soon after release bacteria destroying subst 2 – 5 lobed nucleus pale purple staining incr during bacterial infection & acute infections

b. eosinsophils figure 8 nucleus or bilobed deep red granules in cytoplasm; blue red nucleus weakly phagocytic numbers incr during allergy attacks kills parasites (worms)

c. basophils /mm3 deep blue granules; u or s shaped nucleus discharge histamines (which incr bld flow to site of inflammation) secrete heparin to prevent clotting of bld

2. agranulocytes- lack visible granules nuclei spherical, oval, or kidney shaped Some differentiate in lymphatic organs after red bone marrow

d. b-lymphocytes- produce antibodies (combined) pale blue cytoplasm; dark purple nucleus #s will drop significantly due to AIDS

e. t-lymphocytes- slightly larger than rbc large round nucleus w/ thin rim of cytoplasm important in immunity graft rejection and fighting tumors and viruses may live for years 2 nd most numerous group of wbc (combined) when #s incr could indicate mono or chronic infection

f. monocytes- phagocytic wbc largest blood cell; capable of digesting large cells clean up cells after infection gray-blue cytoplasm; dark blue-purple staining nucleus contains many lysosomes

# increase during chronic infections if # incr dramatically could indicate malaria, endocarditis, typhoid fever, Rocky Mtn spotted fever

to /mm 3 irregularly shaped cell fragments circulate about 10 days capable of ameboid motion no nucleus; cytoplasm stains dark purple

imp role in bld clotting help to close breaks in damaged bld vessels and to initiate formation of bld clots hematostasis

liquid part of blood 92% water 55 % of whole blood straw-colored, salty taste, sticky contains plasma proteins made by liver; contributes to osmotic pressure of bld

helps regulate fluid and electrolyte balance maintain favorable blood pH helps distribute body heat

aka blood cell formation occurs in red bone marrow of flat bones all formed elements of bld arise from hemocytoblast (stem cell) hemocytoblast forms 2 types of cells which will then differentiate into the different formed elements thru series of steps

takes about 5-7 days to make a mature rbc rbc production controlled by a certain hormone released by kidney

stoppage of bld flow have damaged bld vessel 3 phases that will occur: 1. vascular spasms 2. platelet plug formation 3. blood clot formation

platelets begin to cling to damaged parts serotonin is released causing bld vessels to go into spasms which narrows vessels platelets release thromboplastin which triggers clotting

bld clot formation- aka coagulation thromboplastin is converted to thrombin, which joins fibrinogen which makes a net to trap rbc (very sticky) usu occurs in 2-6 minutes

1. undesirable clotting- thrombus- clot develops in leg (usu) and persists embolus- when thrombus flows thru vessels if lodged, can kill

2. hemophilia- hereditary bleeding disorder that results from the lack of protein factors that lead to clotting aka “free-bleeders”

minor tissue trauma can lead to prolonged bleeding and even death thrombocytopenia- insufficient # of platelets

cancer of the white blood cells too many wbc are being produced, not enough rbc and platelets fatigue, frequent illness, anemia, slow clotting (bruising), painfully weak bones treatments: bone marrow transplants, stem cell transplants, meds

4 blood types: A, B, O, AB all body cells produce “markers” on the cell membranes that identify them as unique & you these are antigens for cells that aren’t yours, your body recognizes the antigens as FOREIGN

antigens of foreign cells stimulate immune system to release antibodies to fight against them we all have “recognizer antibodies” in our bld stream that recognizes foreign antigens

these antibodies will bind onto the foreign substance (rbc, for ex) causing agglutination or clumping mismatched blood may cause death

symptoms: anxiety, breathing difficulty, flushing, headache, severe pain in neck, chest, lumbar region, rbc burst- leading to jaundice, kidney failure

Rh factor- discovered on rhesus monkeys 1 st most Americans are Rh+ Have Rh antigen on rbc Rh- do not have antigen on rbc

Blood typing sheet