Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Without oxygen 2 Steps Glycolysis splits sugar and produces 2 net ATP Fermentation replenishes needed molceules

Two types of fermentation Lactic acid in animals: produces lactic acid and this leads to fatigue. Alcohol fermentation in other organisms: produces alcohol that is used in making bread, wine, beer, and other foods.

Photorespiration Involves: Chloroplast Peroxisomes Mitochondrion Uses oxygen instead of CO2 NO SUGAR MADE

C3 plants Most plants are C3 plants. They take in Carbon dioxide throughout the daytime as needed.

C4 plants

C4 plants cont They store Carbon dioxide in the bundle sheath cells as a 4C organic molecule and then break it down as needed for the light independent reactions. They only open their stomata periodically. This saves water lost from transpiration.

CAM Plants

CAM continued These plants bring in the carbon dioxide at night and store it as a 4C sugar. They can then break it down during the day when light is present to produce the ATP and NADPH needed for the light independent reactions. Stomata stay shut all day long.

Obligate vs. Facultative Obligate: must Facutlative: can Obligate anaerobe: cow intestine Facultative anaerobe: us (humans) Obligate aerobe: only can live in the presence of oxygen (dangerous)

REDOX (reduction/oxidation reactions): Pass electrons from one molecule to another. OIL RIG Oxidation is loss Reduction is gain LEO GER Lose electrons oxidation Gain electrons reduction REDOX: electron transport chain

Chemosynthesis Uses the reduction from H2S in hydrothermal vents to make sugars. No light: energy comes from the vents.

Productivity Net productivity = gross productivity – cellular respiration by the photosynthetic organism. Some sugar that is made is then used by the organism for metabolic activities.