Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Chapter 8 Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Energy and Metabolism Chapter 6.
Advertisements

Energy can be converted from one form to another form
Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 6. Metabolism - sum of organism’s chemical processes. Enzymes start processes. Catabolic pathways release energy (breaks.
Energy. Laws of Thermodynamics Flow of Energy in Living Things –Oxidation & Reduction Free Energy: Endergonic & Exergonic Rxs. Activation Energy Enzymes.
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Chapter 6. 2 Flow of Energy Energy: the capacity to do work -kinetic energy: the energy of motion -potential energy: stored.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CHAPTER 6.
Work How Cells Work Chapter 5. Learning Objectives 1.Physics tells us that in any energy transformation: a) energy is neither created nor destroyed, and.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 5 The Working Cell.
Thermodynamics and Metabolism. 2 Metabolism Metabolism: all chemical reactions occurring in an organism Anabolism: chemical reactions that expend energy.
Energy. Outline Laws of Thermodynamics Chemical Reactions Enzymes How cells “make” and use Energy: ATP Cell Respiration Photosynthesis.
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh Edition Solomon Berg Martin Chapter 6 Energy and Metabolism.
Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism
Metabolism and Energy.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 5 Lecture Slides.
Thermodynamics and Metabolism. 2 Metabolism Metabolism: all chemical reactions occurring in an organism Anabolism: chemical reactions that expend energy.
Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell
Chapter 8~ An Introduction to Metabolism. Metabolism Metabolism Metabolism: The totality of an organism’s chemical processes; managing the material and.
Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 6. Metabolism u The totality of an organism’s chemical processes. u Concerned with managing the material and energy.
Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Chapter 6 Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required.
6 Energy and Energy Conversions Cells must acquire energy from their environment. Cells cannot make energy; energy is neither created nor destroyed, but.
Energy and Metabolism Chapter 6.
Packet #25 Chapter #9 Introduction to Cellular Catabolism.
Flow of Energy Thermodynamics –Branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes Cells are governed by the laws of physics and chemistry Energy flows into.
2-1 Copyright  2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Biology: An Australian focus 3e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Chapter 2: The chemistry.
Energy The capacity to do work or cause particular changes Life is sustained by the trapping and use of energy Use of energy is made possible by the action.
Chapter 9 Introduction to Metabolism. An Overview of Metabolism Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions in the cell and is divided into two.
Energy and Metabolism. 2 Flow of Energy Energy: the capacity to do work -kinetic energy: the energy of motion -potential energy: stored energy.
Adapted from: faculty.sgc.edu/asafer/BIOL1107/chapt06_lecture.ppt.
Metabolism. Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism In a reaction, bonds between reactants break down and bonds between products form. Energy is absorbed.
Energy and Metabolism Chapter 6. 2 Flow of Energy Energy: the capacity to do work -kinetic energy: the energy of motion -potential energy: stored energy.
Chapter 4 Enzymes and Energy
Energy and Metabolism Chapter 8.
Chapter 8 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Energy is the capacity to do work; cells must continually use energy to do biological work. Kinetic Energy is.
Metabolic Reactions Enzymology Catabolism Litho/Phototrophy Anabolism Microbial Metabolism.
Essentials of the Living World Second Edition George B. Johnson Jonathan B. Losos Chapter 6 Energy and Life Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 6 Energy and Metabolism. Energy: The capacity to do work – any change in the state of motion or matter Measured as heat energy Unit is the kilocalorie.
Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism.
1-1 Inquiry into Life Eleventh Edition Sylvia S. Mader Chapter 6 Lecture Outline Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction.
1 Chapter 9 Introduction to Metabolism CHAPTER GLOSSARY Activation energy Active site Allosteric 異位 enzyme Anabolism 合成代謝 Apoenzyme 脢本體 Catabolism 分解代謝.
Thermodynamics and Metabolism. Thermodynamics: the science of energy transformations (flow of energy through living and non- living systems)
(c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Standard States for Free-Energy Changes
Energy and Metabolism Chapter 6. 2 Flow of Energy Energy: the capacity to do work -kinetic energy: the energy of motion -potential energy: stored energy.
Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Chapter 6.
Metabolism Lecture 5, part 1 Fall Metabolism All the biochemical process within an organism that maintain life and contribute to growth Emergent.
6-1 Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes. 6-2 Cells and the Flow of Energy Energy is the ability to do work. Living things need to acquire energy;
Energy and Metabolism Adapted from: faculty.sgc.edu/asafer/BIOL1107/chapt06_lecture.ppt.
Energy and Metabolism Chapter 6. Flow of Energy Thermodynamics ◦ Branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes Cells are governed by the laws of physics.
 Types of Chemical transformations within the cells  Organisms Transform Energy  Laws of Thermodynamics  Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions  Metabolism.
INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM. Chapter 8 Metabolism, Energy, and Life.
The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in Metabolism Mar. 17, 2016 CHEM 281.
Energy and Enzymes Chapter 6 Almost all energy for life is derived from the sun. Life requires energy.
What is Energy?  Kinetic energy- energy of motion or energy that is presently doing work  The capacity to do work Two states of energy Ex. An arrow.
 Bioenergetics is the quantitative study of the energy transductions that occur in living cells and of the nature and function of the chemical process.
Metabolic Processes – V1b
Metabolism and Energy SBI4U1.
Energy and Life Ch. 5.
Thermodynamics and Metabolism
Energy and Metabolism Chapter 6.
The Flow of Energy Within Organisms
6 An Introduction to Metabolism.
The Flow of Energy Within Organisms
Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation
The Flow of Energy Within Organisms
Metabolism.
Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation
Introduction to Metabolism
Energy and the cell Ms. Rosendo Science 10th B.
Enzymes Chapter 3b Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission
Presentation transcript:

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Chapter 8 Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2 An Overview of Metabolism metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions in the cell and is divided into two parts –catabolism – the energy-conserving reactions –anabolism – the synthesis of complex organic molecules from simpler ones

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3 Anabolism requires energy –transferred from energy source to the synthetic systems of the cell by ATP also requires a source of electrons stored in the form of reducing power

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 Overview of Metabolism Figure 8.1

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 5 The processes used by organisms to obtain energy and to do chemical work are the basis of the functioning of ecosystems. Figure 8.2

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 6 Energy and Work energy –capacity to do work or to cause particular changes

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7 Types of work carried out by organisms chemical work –synthesis of complex molecules transport work –take up of nutrients, elimination of wastes, and maintenance of ion balances mechanical work –Cell motility and movement of structures within cells

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 8 The Laws of Thermodynamics thermodynamics –a science that analyzes energy changes in a collection of matter called a system (e.g., a cell) –all other matter in the universe is called the surroundings

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9 Energy units calorie (cal) –amount of heat energy needed to raise 1 gram of water from 14.5 to 15.5°C joules (J) –units of work capable of being done by a unit of energy –1 cal of heat is equivalent to J of work

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10 First law of thermodynamics energy can be neither created nor destroyed total energy in universe remains constant –however energy may be redistributed either within a system or between the system and its surroundings

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11 Second law of thermodynamics entropy –amount of disorder in a system physical and chemical processes proceed in such a way that the disorder of the universe increases to the maximum possible

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 12 Second law in action… molecules are redistributed, increasing entropy of system Figure 8.3

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 13 Free Energy and Reactions  G =  H - T  S expresses the change in energy that can occur in chemical reactions and other processes used to indicate if a reaction will proceed spontaneously

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 14  G =  H - T  S  G –free energy change –amount of energy that is available to do work  H –change in enthalpy (heat content) T –temperature in Kelvin  S –change in entropy

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 15 Chemical equilibrium equilibrium consider the chemical reaction A + B C + D –reaction is at equilibrium when rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse reaction equilibrium constant (K eq ) –expresses the equilibrium concentrations of products and reactants to one another

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 16 Standard free energy change (  G o ) free energy change defined at standard conditions of concentration, pressure, temperature, and pH  G o ´ –standard free energy change at pH 7 –directly related to K eq  G o ´ = RTlogK eq

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 17 The relationship… Exergonic reactions A+BC+D Keq >1  G o ´ is negative (reaction proceeds spontaneously) Endergonic reactions A+BC+D Keq < 1  G o ´ is positive (reaction will not proceed spontaneously) Figure 8.4

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 18 Adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) Energy Currency of the Cell Figure 8.5

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19 Role of ATP in Metabolism exergonic breakdown of ATP is coupled with endergonic reactions to make them more favorable Figure 8.6

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 20 The cell’s energy cycle Figure 8.7

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 21 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Electron Carriers many metabolic processes involve oxidation-reduction reactions (electron transfers) electron carriers are often used to transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 22 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions transfer of electrons from a donor to an acceptor can result in energy release, which can be conserved and used to form ATP

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 23 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions involve the transfer of electrons. These reactions always occur simultaneously because an electron gained by one molecule is donated by another molecule. Remember as OiL RiG; OiL= oxidation involves loss; RiG= reduction involves gain.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 24 ATP Production and Energy Storage Energy from the chemical bonds of nutrients is concentrated in the high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP. Substrate-level phosphorylation describes the transfer of phosphate from a phosphorylated organic nutrient to ADP to form ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation phosphorylates ADP using inorganic phosphate and energy from respiration. Photophosphorylation is the phosphorylation of ADP with inorganic phosphate using energy from light. There is a cyclical conversion of ATP from ADP and back with the gain and loss of phosphate

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 25 Standard Reduction Potential (E 0 ) equilibrium constant for an oxidation-reduction reaction a measure of the tendency of the reducing agent to lose electrons more negative E 0  better electron donor more positive E 0  better electron acceptor

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 26 Table 8.1

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 27 The greater the difference between the E 0 of the donor and the E 0 of the acceptor  the more negative the  G o ´ Figure 8.8

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 28 Electron Transport Systems (ETS) electron carriers organized into ETS with the first electron carrier having the most negative E’o –as a result the potential energy stored in first redox couple is released and used to form ATP

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 29 Electron Transport Systems Figure 8.9

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 30 Electron carriers NAD –nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP –nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Figure 8.10 (a)

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 31 Figure 8.10 (b)

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 32 Figure 8.10 (c)

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 33 Electron carriers FAD –flavin adenine dinucleotide FMN –flavin mononucleotide –riboflavin phosphate Figure 8.11 riboflavin

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 34 Electron carriers coenzyme Q (CoQ) –a quinone –also called ubiquinone Figure 8.12

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 35 Electron carriers cytochromes –use iron to transfer electrons iron is part of a heme group Figure 8.13

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 36 Electron carriers nonheme iron proteins –e.g., ferrodoxin –use iron to transport electrons iron is not part of a heme group

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 37 Enzymes protein catalysts –have great specificity for the reaction catalyzed and the molecules acted on catalyst –substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being permanently altered substrates –reacting molecules products –substances formed by reaction