Growth & Development

Areas of Human Development Four key components to human development are:

Physical Development – Cognitive Development – Social Development – Motor Skills Development –

Age and Physical Development Chronological age Skeletal age Developmental age

The American Athlete - Aged 10 1.What is unique about the Home Run Baseball Camp? 2.Explain the psyche of the average 10 year old. 3.Why do kids lose the capability to engage in magical thinking after 10? 4.What is the beehive effect? 5.What is wrong with specialization in sports at age 10? Give a sports injury caused by early specialization. 6.What do adults emphasize when they engage in sport? If left alone to play what would 10 year olds emphasize? 7.Analyze the ‘travel team coach’ for 10 year olds. (hockey, baseball, basketball, etc.) 8.Why has skateboarding boomed? 9.Comment on the tips provided by Cal Ripken for youth sports. How do they conflict with the fact that the league that bears his name sponsors regional and national 9 & 10 year old tournaments?

Phases of Movement Phases of Movement Reflexive movement (birth to 4 months) –Humans show controlled motor development Rudimentary movement (birth to 2 years) –Locomotor activity (manipulation & stability) Fundamental movement (two to seven years) –Basic movement skills Sport-Related Movement (seven years to adulthood) –Three phases General, Specific & Specialized

Sport Related Movement General (Transitional) Stage 7 – 10 Years Old

Sport Related Movement Specific Stage 11 – 13 Years Old

Sport Related Movement Specialized Stage 14 + Years Old

Social Skill Attributes Checklist The child who is socially adept will usually: –Approach others positively –Express wishes and preferences clearly –Assert own rights and needs appropriately –Is not easily intimidated by bullies –Express frustrations and anger effectively –Make relevant contributions to ongoing activities –Take turns fairly –Show an interest in others –Negotiate and compromise appropriately –Does not draw inappropriate attention to self –Accepts peers and adults of ethnic groups other than own –Interact non-verbally with other children (e.g., smiles, waves, nods)

Factors Affecting Physical Growth Glandular/Hormonal Activity –Hormones affect metabolism –Glands can suffer from diseases Heredity –Parents genes influence size & somatotype Nutrition/Diet –Inadequate/unbalanced diet can lead to physical development issues Physical Activity –Lack of activity harmful/excess also negative –Balance is key Socio Economic Statis / Class Factors –Depends on opportunity/values, diet, sleep

Basic Principles – Motor Learning Motor learning Root of any motor activity lies in the sensory and nervous systems Motor learning divided into to basic concepts –Automatic motor activity –Controlled motor activity Principle of Individual Differences

Stages of Motor Learning Fitts and Posner’s stages-of-learning model –Cognitive stage –Associative Stage –Autonomous Stage

Factors Affecting Skill Development Incorrect understanding of the movement Poor physical abilities Poor condition of movement Incorrect application of power Lack of concentration Inappropriate equipment, clothing, or footwear External factors –Weather conditions © iStockphoto.com/”Thomas_EyeDesign”

Teaching and Learning a Skill Anxiety & Surroundings Lab Betty Botter Memorization (retention & learning environments) What interferes with learning? What promotes learning?

Teaching and Learning a Skill Short Term Memory Lab # Letters Retained How should information be delivered? When in a practice should key information be introduced?

Teaching and Learning a Skill Selective Attention Lab Little Jack Horner (filtering info) How can a coach get key points across?

Teaching and Learning a Skill Five-step method of skills teaching –Readying Preparatory (work to attain ideal mental and emotional state) –Imaging Develop “picture” in mind of correct skill execution –Focusing “zero” in on skill –Executing Learner attempts skill after completing first three stages –Evaluating Assess which aspects of skill were successful and which needed improvement

Teaching and Learning a Skill Conditioned Response Lab Color Speed Test (patterning) How do you get students / athletes to rid themselves of patterns they have engrained in their minds? “that’s not the way I was taught…”

Teaching and Learning a Skill Feedback Lab Fitt’s Law - Target Size & Feedback 1.Rate the difficulty of each task and discuss proper feedback. 2.Suggest methods of coaching that improve performance through use of positive feedback.

The Role of Evaluation Feedback provides the learner with information on progress when learning to perform a skill –Can assist in performance improvement Two types of feedback: –KR feedback –KP feedback

Classifying Skills Open skill Closed skill

Adapting Skill Development Shaping Chaining