Introduction to Public Speaking Chapters 15 and 16

Persuasion The process of creating, reinforcing or changing peoples beliefs or actions MUCH MORE difficult than informative speaking

Mental Dialogue Assume that the audience member is having a dialogue with you as you are speaking Anticipate their questions

Target Audience Section of the audience that you most want to persuade

Questions of Fact A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion Organized Topically Sometimes spacially

Questions of Value Questions about the worth, rightness, morality, etc. of an idea or action Organized Topically

Questions of Policy Questions about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

Questions of Policy Types of speeches associated with questions of policy Those to Gain Passive Agreement Those to Gain Immediate Action

Questions of Policy Analyzing Questions of Policy Need Plan Practicality

Questions of Policy Speech Organization Problem Solution Order Problem-Cause-Solution Order

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Created by Alan Monroe in 1930’s at Purdue University 5 Steps Attention Need Satisfaction Visualization Action

Methods of Persuasion Why should I listen to you?

Credibility - Ethos Audiences perception as to whether the speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic 2 factors Competence Character

Types of Credibility Initial Derived Terminal

Establishing Credibility Explain your competence Establish a common ground with the audience Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively and with conviciton

Evidence - Logos People are Skeptical…back up what you say with evidence Use specific evidence Use novel evidence Use credible sources Make clear point of evidence

Reasoning - Logos Process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence 4 Basic Types Reasoning for specific instances Reason from principle Causal reasoning Analogical Reasoning

Reasoning for specific instances Moves from particular facts to general conclusions

Reasoning from Principle Moves from general thought to specific thought

Causal Reasoning Establishes a relationship between causes and effects

Analogical Reasoning Compares two similar cases and infers what is true for the first case is true for the other due to their relationship

Fallacies Red Herring Ad Hominem Either-Or Bandwagon Slippery Slope

Appeal to Emotions Evoking an emotional response from your audience Use emotional language Develop vivid examples Speak with sincerity and conviction

Test Results A = points B = 120 – 134 points C = 105 – 119 points Top Grade: 140 Grade Breakdown A = 7 B = 15 C = 3