I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire II. The New World of Islam

I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire Justinian (527-565) A. Challenges invaders from Eurasian steppes Avars 6th - 9th centuries Slavs subjected Czechs, Samo revolt c. 550, cross Danube to Croatia, Serbia 626, Slavs and Avars attack Constantinople repelled

I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire A. Challenges Bulgars subject Balkans in 8th Khan Krum (808-814) defeats Byzantines, assassinates emperor Khan Boris (852-889) converts to Orthodoxy Cyril (c.826-869) and Methodius (815-885) new alphabet translate Christian liturgy by 1018, Bulgaria again part of Eastern Empire Rus Kiev Vladimir the Great (980-1015) Iaroslav the Wise (1019-1054) unites Kiev and Novgorod

I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire B. Western Provinces Exarchate of Carthage Spain lost to Visigoths, 630's North Africa, conquered by Arabs, 698 Exarchate of Ravenna falls, 751 C. Eastern Adversaries Persia Chosroes II 602, new attack 614, takes Antioch Heraclius (610-641) defeats Chosroes, 628 Islam Leo II (717-741) victory at Akroinon, 740 Digenes Akritas

I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire D. Byzantine Civilization Administration Emperor state monopolies Themes - 4 increasingly autonomous later subdivided Church clerical hierarchy Patriarch bishops Iconoclasm Leo III (717-741) > split with Rome 787, end of Iconoclasm E. Macedonian Renaissance Macedonian dynasty (867-1056) Basil I (867-886) names successor Economy Constantinople, .5 million Art end of iconoclasm Photius (810-c.893) Patriarch historian Library Constantine VII Porphyrogenetus (912-959) On the Administration of the Empire Basil II 1025, dies without heir

II. The New World of Islam A. Arabs before Islam Arabic Commerce, herding Petra taken by 100 B.C.E. Tribal organization Religion polytheism, monotheism

II. The New World of Islam B. The Rise of Islam Muhammad (c.570-632) Quraysh Mecca Kaaba marries Khadija Revelation Qur'an 622, to Medina Hijra conflict with Jews 630, takes Mecca Teachings Islam = submission 5 Pillars Accept God and Muhammad as his prophet Prayer Friday communal prayer Ramadan Pilgrimage Jihad = struggle

II. The New World of Islam C. Succession Abu Bakr (632-634) father in law Sunnism Ali husband of Fatima, daughter of Muhammad Shi'ites Wars of Apostasy Umar (634-644) second Rashidun attacks Byzantine and Persian empires takes Syria, 636 Ctesiphon, 637 Egypt and Persia Civil War, 655-661 Umayyad Sunnis v. Ali 661, Ali assassinated D. Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750 "House of Islam" v. "House of War" Sweep west 632, Poitiers stopped by Charles Martel 661, treaty with Nubians China 751, Battle of Talas Government Muawiya (661-680) hereditary monarchy Authority no longer by consent > civil war, 683-692 Administration Arabic New towns: Fustat, Kairouan, Basra

II. The New World of Islam (D. Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750) Conversion People of the Book Economy trade land tax dirham, dinar End of the Umayyad 750, last caliph dies Abbasids from Shah Abbas Muhammad's uncle Abd al-Rahman I (756-788) to Spain Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba E. Abbasid Caliphate, 750-945 Baghdad, 762-763 new orientation Height, 754-861 Arabian Nights Harun al-Rashid (786-809) al-Mamun (813-833) Baghdad observatory al-Kindi (d. after 870)

II. The New World of Islam F. Europe Sicily immigration, 703-1060 Spain Córdoba, largest city in Europe Abd al-Rahman III (912-961) Madinat az-Zahra Hasdai ibn Shaprut (915-970) Samuel ibn Nagrela (993-1055) Navarre Sancho I (1000-1035) conquests 1035, divided Alfonso VI (1072-1109) Castile 1085, Toledo > Almoravids Alfonso defeated, 1086