Semantically-Enabled Virtual Observatories: VSTO Highlights for Observational Data Deborah McGuinness Acting Director and Senior Research Scientist Knowledge Systems, AI Laboratory Stanford University CEO McGuinness Associates Joint work with Peter Fox, Luca Cinquini, Patrick West, Jose Garcia, James Benedict, Don Middleton Partially funded by NSF and NASA

July 9, 2007 Deborah L. McGuinness 2 Virtual Observatory Use Case Scientists should be able to access a global, distributed knowledge base of scientific data that appears to be integrated and locally available General form of a query: retrieve data (from appropriate collections) subject to (stated and implicit) constraints and create a representation of the data in a manner appropriate for the data and for the end-user Specific Solar Terrestrial examples (from CEDAR AND MLSO): 1. Plot the Neutral Temperature (Parameter) taken by the Millstone Hill Fabry-Perot interferometer (Instrument) looking in the vertical direction from 1/1/2000 – 8/31/2000 as a time series. 2. Find data, representing the state of the neutral atmosphere anywhere above 100km and toward the Arctic circle (above 45N) at times of high geomagnetic activity.

Tropopause

July 9, 2007 Deborah L. McGuinness 4 Atmosphere Use Case Determine the statistical signatures of both volcanic and solar forcings on the height of the tropopause From paleoclimate researcher – Caspar Ammann – Climate and Global Dynamics Division of NCAR - CGD/NCAR Layperson perspective: - look for indicators of acid rain in the part of the atmosphere we experience… (look at measurements of sulfur dioxide in relation to sulfuric acid after volcanic eruptions at the boundary of the troposphere and the stratosphere) Nasa funded effort with Fox - NCAR, Sinha - Va. Tech, Raskin - JPL

July 9, 2007 Deborah L. McGuinness 5 Terms Operationally: Observational data is data collected using an instrument working in an operating mode operated by an observatory at a particular location at a particular time (range) measuring phenomena or parameters. Instrument: An object that measures phenomenon or parameters. Observatory: A physical location in which observations are made. Data Archive: A collection of information, a file, set of files, or database made available is machine readable form with associated metadata concerning the data’s origin, purpose and use. Data product: A formalized and reproducible representation of data elements for consumption by a user or machine process.

July 9, 2007 Deborah L. McGuinness 6

July 9, 2007 Deborah L. McGuinness 7 In W3C Ontology rec: OWL

July 9, 2007 Deborah L. McGuinness 8 Partial exposure of Instrument class hierarchy - users seem to LIKE THIS Semantic filtering by domain or instrument hierarchy

July 9, 2007 Deborah L. McGuinness 9 VSTO Highlights: Capabilities, Tools, Extensibility Reasoning provides new capabilities: –Unified query workflow –Decreased input requirements for query: in one base reducing the number of selections from eight to three –Interface generates only syntactically correct queries: which was not always ensurable in previous implementations without semantics –Semantic query support: by using background ontologies and a reasoner, our application has the opportunity to only expose coherent query –Semantic integration: previously users had to remember (and maintain codes) to account for numerous different ways to combine and plot the data whereas now semantic mediation provides the level of sensible data integration required –A broader range of potential users (PhD scientists, students, professional research associates and those from outside the fields) Tools / Methodology –Reusing OWL-based tools – Protégé, Swoop, Pellet along with social and technological conventions –Service wrappers to access data stores (CEDAR and MLSO currently) –Methodology – Semantic Technologies as an interactive process Easily extensible: –Use existing ontology tools to expand ontology –Tested in SESDI – volcanoes, plate tectonics, atmosphere –Must be monotonic extensions to model

July 9, 2007 Deborah L. McGuinness 10 Pointers Virtual Solar Terrestrial Observatory - vsto.org –Most recent paper: Deborah McGuinness, Peter Fox, Luca Cinquini, Patrick West, Jose Garcia, James L. Benedict, and Don Middleton. The Virtual Solar-Terrestrial Observatory: A Deployed Semantic Web Application Case Study for Scientific Research. In the proceedings of the Nineteenth Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence (IAAI-07). Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, July 22-26, Semantically-Enabled Science Data Integration sesdi.hao.ucar.edu –Most recent paper: Deborah L. McGuinness, Peter Fox, Krishna Sinha, Rob Raskin. Semantic Integration of Heterogeneous Volcanic and Atmospheric Data. In the proceedings of the Geoinformatics Conference, San Diego, CA. May 17-18, gsa.confex.com/gsa/2007GE/finalprogram/abstract_ htm gsa.confex.com/gsa/2007GE/finalprogram/abstract_ htm Community Website – Building Community: –AGU earth and space science informatics sessions – submission deadline Sept 6 (special issue of Computers and Geosciences –GSA Geoinformatics sessions (abstract deadline tomorrow) –VOIG community – Virtual Observatories in GeoSciences –New Springer Journal - JESI – Journal of Earth Science Informatics - www2.gsu.edu/~geohab/pages/Journal%20of%20Earth%20Science%20Informatics/JESI.htm www2.gsu.edu/~geohab/pages/Journal%20of%20Earth%20Science%20Informatics/JESI.htm

July 9, 2007 Deborah L. McGuinness 11 Extra

July 9, 2007 Deborah L. McGuinness 12 Content: Coupling Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions WEB Community data archive for observations and models of Earth's upper atmosphere and geophysical indices and parameters needed to interpret them. Includes browsing capabilities by periods, instruments, models, …

July 9, 2007 Deborah L. McGuinness 13 Content: Mauna Loa Solar Observatory Near real-time data from Hawaii from a variety of solar instruments. Source for space weather, solar variability, and basic solar physics Other content used too – CISM – Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling